澳大利亚国家概况英文版.docx

《澳大利亚国家概况英文版.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《澳大利亚国家概况英文版.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。

1、F1.YTOAUWITHMECONTENT1 Federation11.1 Coverment21.2 Nationa1.Anthem22 Geography33 C1.imate44 History错误!未定义书签。5 Economy56 Cu1.cture76.1 Arts76.2 Media87 Sports98 Symbo1.9!FederationTheCommonwea1.thofAustra1.iawasformedin1901whensixindependentBritishco1.oniesagreedtojointogetherandbecomestatesofanewna

2、tion.Thebirthofthenationisoftenreferredtoasfederation.ThisisbecausetheConstitutionereatedafedera1.systemofgovernment.Underafedera1.system,powersaredividedbetweenacentra1.governmentandindividua1.states.InAustra1.ia,powerwasdividedbetweentheAustra1.ianGovernmentandthesixstategovernments.Austra1.iahass

3、ixstates:NewSouthWa1.es(NSW),Queens1.and(Q1.D),SouthAustra1.ia(SA),Tasmania(TAS),Victoria(VIC)andWesternAustra1.ia(WA)一andtwomajormain1.andterritories一theAustra1.ianCapita1.Territory(ACT)andtheNorthernTerritory(NT).1.1 CovermentAustra1.iaisaconstitutiona1.monarchywithafedera1.divisionofpowers.Ituses

4、apar1.iamentarysystemofgovernmentwithQueenE1.izabethIIatitsapexastheQueenofAustra1.ia,aro1.ethatisdistinctfromherpositionasmonarchoftheOtherCommonwea1.threa1.ms.TheQueenresidesintheUnitedKingdom,andsheisrepresentedbyherviceroysinAustra1.ia(theGovernor-Genera1.atthefedera1.1.eve1.andbytheGovernorsatt

5、hestate1.eve1.),whobyconventionactontheadviceofherministers.SupremeexecutiveauthorityisvestedbyIheConstitutionofAustra1.iainthesovereign,butthepowertoexerciseitisconferredbytheConstitutionspecifica1.1.yontheGovernor-Genera1.Themostnotab1.eexercisetodateoftheGovernor-Genera1.sreservepowersoutsidetheP

6、rimeMinistersrequestwasthedismissa1.oftheWhit1.amGovernmentintheconstitutiona1.crisisof1975.Thefedera1.governmentisseparatedintothreebranches: The1.egis1.ature:thebicamera1.Par1.iament,definedinsection1oftheconstitutionascomprisingtheQueen(representedbytheGovernor-Genera1.),theSenate,andtheHouseofRe

7、presentatives; Theexecutive:theFedera1.ExecutiveCounci1.,inpracticetheGovernor-Genera1.asadvisedbythePrimeMinisterandMinistersofState; Thejudiciary:theHighCourtofAustra1.iaandotherfedera1.courts,WhosejudgesareappointedbytheGovernor-Genera1.onadviceoftheCounci1.Par1.iamentHouse,Canberra1.2 Nationa1.A

8、nthem4AdvanceAustra1.iaFair,isthenationa1.anthemofAustra1.ia.Arevisedversionofa1.atenineteenthcenturypatrioticsong,itwasofficia1.1.ydec1.aredthenationa1.anthemon19Apri1.1984.PeterDoddsMcComickAustra1.iansa1.1.1.etusrejoice,Forweareyoungandfree;We,vego1.densoi1.andwea1.thfortoi1.,Ourhomeisgirtbysea;O

9、ur1.andaboundsinnaturesgiftsOfbeautyrichandrare;Inhistoryspage,1.eteverystageAdvanceAustra1.iaFair.Injoyfu1.strainsthen1.etussing,AdvanceAustra1.iaFair.BeneathourradiantSouthernCross,We1.1.toi1.withheartsandhands;TomakethisCommonwea1.thofoursRenownedofa1.1.the1.ands;Forthosewho,vecomeacrosstheseasWe

10、vebound1.essp1.ainstoshare;WbineToAdvanceAustra1.iaFair.Injoyfu1.strainsthen1.etussing,AdvanceAustra1.iaFair.2GeographyAustra1.iaisacountrycomprisingthemain1.andoftheAustra1.iancontinent,theis1.andofTasmania,andnumeroussma1.1.eris1.ands.Neighbouringcountriesinc1.ude1.ndonesia,EastTimorandPapuaNewGui

11、neatothenorth;theSo1.omonIs1.andsandVanuatutothenorth-east;andNewZea1.andtothesouth-east.Austra1.ias1.andmassof7,617,930squareki1.ometres(2,941,300sqmi)isontheIndo-Austra1.ianP1.ate.SurroundedbytheIndianandPacificoceans,itisseparatedfromAsiabytheArafuraandTimorseas,andtheTasmanSea1.yingbetweenAustra

12、1.iaandNewZea1.and.Thewor1.dssma1.1.estcontinentandsixth1.argestcountrybytota1.area.Austra1.iaowingtoitssizeandiso1.ationisoftendubbedthe11is1.andcontinent,andisSometimesconsideredthewor1.ds1.argestis1.and.Austra1.iahas34,218ki1.ometres(21,262mi)ofcoast1.ine(exc1.udinga1.1.offshoreis1.ands),andc1.ai

13、msanextensiveExc1.usiveEconomicZoneof8,148,250squareki1.ometres(3,146,060sqmi).Thisexc1.usiveeconomiczonedoesnotinc1.udetheAustra1.ianAntarcticTerritory.Exc1.udingMacquarieIs1.and,Austra1.ia1.iesbetween1.atitudes9oand44oS,and1.ongitudes112oand154oE.TheGreatBarrierReef,thewor1.ds1.argestcora1.reef,1.

14、iesashortdistanceoffthenorth-eastcoastandextendsforover2,000ki1.ometres(1,240mi).MountAugustus,c1.aimedtobethewor1.d,s1.argestmono1.ith,is1.ocatedinWesternAustra1.ia.At2,228metres(7,310ft),MountKosciuszkoontheGreatDividingRangeisthehighestmountainontheAustra1.ianmain1.and.Austra1.iassizegivesitawide

15、varietyof1.andscapes,withtropica1.rainforestsinthenorth-east,mountainrangesinthesouth-east,south-westandeast,anddrydesertinthecentre.Itisthef1.attestcontinent,withtheo1.destand1.eastferti1.esoi1.s;desertorsemi-arid1.andcommon1.yknownastheoutbackmakesupbyfarthe1.argestportionof1.and.Thedriestinhabite

16、dcontinent,on1.yitssouth-eastandsouth-westcornershaveatemperatec1.imate.Thepopu1.ationdensity,2.8inhabitantspersquareki1.ometre,isamongthe1.owestinthewor1.d,a1.thougha1.argeproportionofthepopu1.ation1.ivesa1.ongthetemperatesouth-easterncoast1.ine.3C1.imateThec1.imateofAustra1.iaissignificant1.yinf1.

17、uencedbyoceancurrents,inc1.udingthe1.ndianOceanDipo1.eandtheE1.Nino-SouthernOsci1.1.ation,whichiscorre1.atedwithperiodicdrought,andtheseasona1.tropica1.1.ow-pressuresystemthatproducescyc1.onesinnorthernAustra1.ia.Thesefactorscauserainfa1.1.tovarymarked1.yfromyeartoyear.Muchofthenorthernpartofthecoun

18、tryhasatropica1.,predominant1.ysummer-rainfa1.1.(monsoon)C1.imate.ThesouthwestcornerofthecountryhasaMediterraneanc1.imate.Muchofthesoutheast(inc1.udingTasmania)istemperate.4HistoryHumanhabitationoftheAustra1.iancontinentisestimatedtohavebegunbetween42,000and48,000yearsago,possib1.ywiththemigrationof

19、peop1.eby1.andbridgesandshortseacrossingsfromwhatisnowSouth-EastAsia.ThefirstrecordedEuropeansightingoftheAustra1.ianmain1.and,andthefirstrecordedEuropean1.andfa1.1.ontheAustra1.iancontinent,areattributedtotheDutchnavigatorWi1.1.emJanszoon.HesightedthecoastofCapeYorkPeninsu1.ainear1.y1606,andmade1.a

20、ndfa1.1.on26FebruaryatIhePennefatherRivernearthemoderntownofWeipaonCapeYork.TheDutchchartedthewho1.eofthewesternandnortherncoast1.inesandnamedtheis1.andcontinent”NewHo1.1.anduduringthe17thcentury,butmadenoattemptatSett1.ement.Wi1.1.iamDampier,anEng1.ishexp1.orerandprivateer,1.andedonthenorth-westcoa

21、stofNewHo1.1.andin1688andagainin1699onareturntrip.In1770,JamesCooksai1.eda1.ongandmappedtheeastcoast,whichhenamedNewSouthWa1.esandc1.aimedforGreatBritain.Withthe1.ossofitsAmericanco1.oniesin1780,theBritishGovernmentsentaf1.eetofships,theuFirstF1.eet11,underthecommandofCaptainArthurPhi1.1.ip,toestab1

22、ishanewpena1.co1.onyinNewSouthWa1.es.Acampwassetupandthef1.agraisedatSydneyCove,PortJackson,on26January1788,adatewhichbecameAustra1.iasnationa1.day,Austra1.iaDaya1.thoughtheBritishCrownCo1.onyofNewSouthWa1.eswasnotforma1.1.ypromu1.gatedunti1.7February1788.Thefirstsett1.ement1.edtothefoundationofSyd

23、ney,theestab1.ishmentoffarming,industryandcommerce;andtheexp1.orationandsett1.ementofotherregions.ABritishsett1.ementwasestab1.ishedinVanDiemens1.and,nowknownasTasmania,in1803anditbecameaseparateco1.onyin1825.TheUnitedKingdomforma1.1.yc1.aimedthewesternpartOfWesternAustra1.ia(theSwanRiverCo1.ony)in1

24、828.Separateco1.onieswerecarvedfrompartsofNewSouthWa1.esiSouthAustra1.iain1836,Victoriain1851,andQueens1.andin1859.TheNorthernTerritorywasfoundedin1911whenitwasexcisedfromSouthAustra1.ia.AgoIdrushbeganinAustra1.iaintheear1.y1850sandIheEurekaRebe1.IionagainstminingIicencefeesin1854wasanear1.yexpressi

25、onofcivi1.disobedience.Between1855and1890,thesixco1.oniesindividua1.1.ygainedresponsib1.egovernment,managingmostoftheirownaffairswhi1.eremainingpartofIheBritishEmpire.TheCo1.onia1.Officein1.ondonretainedcontro1.ofsomematters,notab1.yforeignaffairs,defence,andinternationa1.shipping.On1January190!,fed

26、erationoftheCo1.onieswasachievedafteradecadeofp1.anning,consu1.tationandvoting.TheCommonwea1.thofAustra1.iawasestab1.ishedanditbecameadominionoftheBritishEmpirein1907.TheFedera1.Capita1.Territory(1.aterrenamedtheAustra1.ianCapita1.Territory)wasformedin1911asthe1.ocationforthefuturefedera1.capita1.of

27、Canberra.Me1.bournewasthetemporaryseatofgovernmentfrom1901to1927whi1.eCanberrawasbeingconstructed.TheNorthernTerritorywastransferredfromthecontro1.oftheSouthAustra1.iangovernmenttothefedera1.par1.iamentin1911.In1914,Austra1.iajoinedBritaininfightingWor1.dWar1.withsupportfromboththeOutgoingCommonwea1

28、th1.ibera1.PartyandtheincomingAustra1.ian1.aborParty.Austra1.ianstookpartinmanyofthemajorbatt1.esfoughtontheWesternFront.Ofabout416,000whoserved,about60,000wereki1.1.edandanother152,000werewounded.ManyAustra1.iansregardthedefeatoftheAustra1.ianandNewZea1.andArmyCorps(ANZACs)atGa1.1.ipo1.iasthebirth

29、ofthenation-itsfirstmajormi1.itaryaction.TheKokodaTrackCampaignisregardedbymanyasanana1.ogousnation-definingeventduringWor1.dWarI1.Britain1SStatuteOfWestminster1931forma1.1.yendedmostoftheconstitutiona1.1.inksbetweenAustra1.iaandtheUK.Austra1.iaadopteditin1942,butitwasbackdatedto1939toconfirmtheva1.

30、idityOf1.egis1.ationpassedbytheAustra1.ianPar1.iamentduringWor1.dWarI1.TheshockoftheUnitedKingdomsdefeatinAsiain1942andthethreatofJapaneseinvasioncausedAustra1.iatoturntotheUnitedStatesasanewa1.1.yandprotector.Since1951,Austra1.iahasbeenaforma1.mi1.itarya1.1.yoftheUS,undertheANZUStreaty.AfterWor1.dW

31、arIIAustra1.iaencouragedimmigrationfromEurope.Sincethe1970sandfo1.1.owingtheabo1.itionoftheWhiteAustra1.iapo1.icy,immigrationfromAsiaande1.sewherewasa1.sopromoted.Asaresu1.t,Austra1.iasdemography,cu1.ture,andse1.fimageweretransfrmed.Thefina1.constitutiona1.tiesbetweenAustra1.iaandtheUKwereseveredwit

32、hthepassingoftheAustra1.iaAct1986,endinganyBritishro1.einthegovernmentoftheAustra1.ianStates,andc1.osingtheoptionofjudicia1.appea1.stothePrivyCounci1.in1.ondonJna1999referendum,55%ofvotersandamajorityineverystaterejectedaproposa1.tobecomearepub1.icwithapresidentappointedbyatwo-thirdsvoteinbothHouses

33、oftheAustra1.ianPar1.iament.Sincethee1.ectionoftheWhit1.amGovernmentin1972,therehasbeenanincreasingfocusinforeignpo1.icyontieswithotherPacificRimnations,whi1.emaintainingc1.osetieswithAustra1.iastraditiona1.a1.iiesandtradingpartners5EconomyAustra1.iaisawea1.thycountry;itgeneratesitsincomefromvarious

34、sourcesinc1.udingmining-re1.atedexports,te1.ecommunications,bankingandmanufacturing.1.thasamarketeconomy,are1.ative1.yhighGDPpercapita,andare1.ative1.y1.owrateofpoverty.TheAustra1.iando1.1.aristhecurrencyforthenation,inc1.udingChristmasIs1.and,Cocos(Kee1.ing)Is1.ands,andNorfo1.kIs1.and,aswe1.1.asthe

35、independentPacifieIs1.andStatesofKiribatiiNauru,andTuva1.u.Withthe2006mergeroftheAustra1.ianStockExchangeandtheSydneyFuturesExchange,IheAustra1.ianSecuritiesExchangebecametheninth1.argestinthewor1.d.Rankedthirdinthe1.ndexofEconomicFreedom(2010),Austra1.iaisthewor1.d,stwe1.fth1.argesteconomyandhasthe

36、fifthhighestpercapitaGDP(nomina1.)at$66,984.ThecountrywasrankedSecondintheUnitedNations201IHumanDeve1.opmentIndexandfirstin1.ega1.um,s2008ProsperityIndex.A1.1.ofAustra1.iaparative1.ivabi1.itysurveys;Me1.bournereachedfirstp1.aceonTheEconomists2011,2012and2013wor1.d,smost1.iveab1.eCities1.ists,foi1.ow

37、edbyAde1.aide,Sydney,andPerthinthefifth,seventh,andninthp1.acesrespective1.y.Tota1.governmentdebtinAustra1.iaisabout$190bi1.1.ion-20%ofGDPin2010.Austra1.iahasamongthehighesthousepricesandsomeofthehighesthouseho1.d-debt1.eve1.sinthewor1.d.Overthepastdecade,inf1.ationhastypica1.1.ybeen2-3%andthebasein

38、terestrate5-6%.Theservicesectoroftheeconomy,inc1.udingtourism,education,andfinancia1.services,accountsforabout70%ofGDP.Richinnatura1.resources,Austra1.iaisamajorexporterofagricu1.tura1.products,particu1.ar1.ywheatandwoo1.,minera1.ssuchasiron-oreandgo1.d,andenergyintheformsofIiquifiednatura1.gasandco

39、a1.A1.thoughagricu1.tureandnatura1.resourcesaccountforon1.y3%and5%ofGDPrespective1.y,theycontributesubstantia1.1.ytoexportperformance.Austra1.ias1.argestexportmarketsareJapan,China,theUS,SouthKorea,andNewZea1.and.AustraIiaisthewor1.d,sfourth1.argestexporterofwine,andthewineindustrycontributes$5.5bi1

40、1.ionperyeartothenationseconomy.ForairBritishIs1.ehThe2dCBDofSydeny:oneofimportantbussinesscentersofSouthernhemisphereAustraAde1.1.aide.Newcast1.e,e,Perth,Brisbane,e1.1.yBay,Fremant1.e,camefromthecestrieswithwhichtheymostc1.ose1.yidentify.Themostcommon1.ynominatedancestrywasEng1.ish(36.1%),fo1.1.ow

41、edbyAustra1.ian(35.4%),Irish(10.4%),Scottish(8.9%),Ita1.ian(4.6%),German(4.5%),Chinese(4.3%),Indian(2.0%),Greek(1.9%),andDutch(1.7%).BecauseAustra1.iascensusdoesntaskforracia1.background,itisunc1.earhowmanyAustra1.iansaredescendantsOfEuropeans.Estimatesvaryfrom85%-92%.AsianAustra1.iansmakeup12%ofthe

42、popu1.ation.In2011,24.6%ofAustra1.ianswereborne1.sewhereand43.1%ofpeop1.ehadat1.eastoneoverseas-bornparent;the1.argestimmigrantgroupswerethosefromtheUK,NewZea1.and5ChinaJndia,Ita1.y,Vietnam,andPhi1.ippines.Over80percentofAustra1.iaspopu1.ationisofEuropeanancestry,andmostoftherestareofAsianheritage,w

43、ithasma1.1.erminorityOf1.ndigenousbackground.Fo1.1.owingtheabo1.itionoftheWhiteAustra1.iapo1.icyin1973,numerousgovernmentinitiativeshavebeenestab1.ishedtoencourageandpromoteracia1.harmonybasedonapo1.icyOfmu1.ticu1.tura1.ismJn2005-06,morethan131,000peop1.eemigratedtoAustra1.ia,main1.yfromAsiaandOcean

44、ia.Themigrationtargetfor2012-13is190,000,comparedto67,900in1998-99.6 Cu1.ctureSince1788,thebasisofAustra1.iancu1.turehasbeenstrong1.yinf1.uencedbyAng1.o-Ce1.ticWesterncu1.ture.Distinctivecu1.tura1.featureshavea1.soarisenfromAustra1.iasnatura1.environmentandIndigenouscu1.tures.Sincethemid-20thcentury

45、Americanpopu1.arcu1.turehasstrong1.yinf1.uencedAustra1.ia,particu1.ar1.ythroughte1.evisionandcinema.Othercu1.tura1.inf1.uencescomefromneighbouringAsiancountries,andthrough1.arge-sca1.eimmigrationfromnon-Eng1.ish-speakingnations.6.1 ArtsAustra1.ianvisua1.artsarethoughttohavebegunwiththecavepaintings

46、rockengravingsandbodypaintingofitsIndigenouspeop1.es.ThetraditionsofIndigenousAustra1.iansare1.arge1.ytransmittedora1.1.y,throughceremonyandthete1.1.ingofDreamtimestories.FromthetimeofEuropeansetdement,amajorthemeinAustra1.ianarthasbeenthenatura1.1.andscape,seenforexamp1.eintheWorksOfArthurStreeton

47、TomRobertsandothersassociatedwiththeHeide1.bergSchoohandA1.bertNamatjira.Thecountrys1.andscaperemainsasourceofinspirationforAustra1.ianmodernistartists;ithasbeendepictedinacc1.aimedworksbythe1.ikesofSidneyNo1.an,ArthurBoyd,FredWi1.1.iams,MargaretPrestonandC1.iftonPugh.Austra1.ianartistsinf1.uencedb

48、ymodernAmericanandEuropeanartinc1.udesurrea1.istJamesG1.eesonandpopartistMartinSharp.ContemporaryIndigenousAustra1.ianartistheon1.yartmovementofinternationa1.significancetoemergefromAustra1.iaandthe1.astgreatartmovementofthe20thcentury,;itsexponentshaveinc1.udedEmi1.yKngwarreye.ArtcriticRobertHughes

49、haswrittensevera1.inf1.uentia1.booksaboutAustra1.ianhistoryandart,andwasdescribedasthe11wor1.d,smostfamousartcritic11byTheNewYork7es.TheNationa1.Ga1.1.eryofAustraIiaandstatega1.1.eriesmaintainAustra1.ianandoverseasco1.1.ections.Austra1.iahasoneofthewor1.dshighestattendancesofartga1.1.eriesandmuseumsperheadofpopu1.ati