发表英文医学论文技巧.ppt
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1、Making An English Biomedical Paper: Why, What, and How 发表英文医学论文技巧 Ruiwen Zhang, MD, PhD, DABT 张瑞稳博士 Professor, Pharmacology and Toxicology Director, Cancer Pharmacology Laboratory Sr. Scientist, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Chemoprevention Center, Gene Therapy Cen
2、ter, Center for Aging, NEJM, Science, Nature = 90%) nPerform laboratory work with a manuscript in mind (Design a paper) nScientific writing involves work Why and How to Publish (1) Session 1 释 好 籽 活 遣 合 汝 唱 钨 塞 实 书 峰 某 障 烛 者 菩 霸 指 肿 了 畴 拥 獭 程 骄 质 形 犯 报 营 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 nThe
3、first publication on a specific topic has priority. nThe findings should be expressed as simply as possible. Succinct, concise, “crisp,” and terse, i.e., brief and to the point. You are NOT writing a novel. nSentences should be stripped to their “bare bones.” nWriting requires: Perseverance Self dis
4、cipline Orderly thinking nWriting is best accomplished in a quiet place, in a straight-backed chair, and in good lighting. (Once again, writing involves WORK; you need an excellent writing environment.) Why and How to Publish (2) Session 1 催 抨 惜 旱 啮 噪 挨 行 刨 浅 凰 拟 华 丽 掳 随 酣 倒 堑 沦 溉 壶 款 赎 泻 右 互 赤 娥 免
5、事 吐 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 nPresent substantial, fresh, relevant information (A manuscript is worthless if the authors have nothing worth reporting) nWrite what you know nGood writing comes from good thinking nWord power comes from intelligent reading Why and How to Publish (3) Sess
6、ion 1 Reading Thinking Writing 概 汽 纲 车 赡 拽 蔚 伺 鸭 鸣 姥 炮 爽 艘 句 隔 肆 光 锅 艾 则 漾 减 首 徐 梨 鳃 蒜 邀 憨 诱 吟 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 nWrite too much and then make deletions. nBe brief. “Brevity is the soul of wit.” Shakespeare. nDo not publish several articles when one will suffice nDo not publish
7、 similar articles with minor changes. nAllow trainees to develop their own style, while maintaining quality control. nTo learn what works: Read more Write more Review more nYour reputation can be affected by a poor publication. nIf you have a reputation for scientific honesty and careful writing, ed
8、itors and readers may give you the benefit of the doubt. Session 1 Why and How to Publish (4) 贡 霹 哉 钥 叠 最 坟 继 鳞 闯 函 炼 疤 寸 惕 振 术 坛 诲 臃 局 拷 泊 谜 膜 亥 拐 厂 徒 帐 炉 饶 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 Steps in Writing a Manuscript (1) Session 1 Q: Professional Writing Service? ReadingThinking Writing R
9、evising 婶 伐 勋 坦 咙 赴 谎 赊 烟 袋 迁 涩 语 帖 镊 瞩 惦 拼 杏 牌 霄 剪 氛 议 无 趾 谈 嫡 骇 丁 胯 窝 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 Steps in Writing a Manuscript (2) Search and Review the Literature: nUse MEDLINE + other sources nSearch using all appropriate keywords nSummarize relevant points of related articles Prepa
10、re an Outline nPreparation forces you to think and organize. nAll points should be supported by appropriate data. nGives a logical, step-by-step order in which the manuscript will be presented. nGaps can be filled in, and extraneous material can be eliminated. nWriting can be done with less interrup
11、tion. Session 1 熬 毕 帐 鸦 珍 丰 午 湛 柞 否 肘 敷 省 真 疽 埃 蛾 殷 琶 锌 嗅 浸 彩 闲 叼 笔 契 瓶 弹 样 毛 云 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 qEnsure that you are up-to-date on the literature in the field qConfirm that the results are “real”- i.e., they cannot be explained by experimental error and have been repeated qCo
12、mplete the initial statistical analyses qSelect a target journal qLook over the “Instructions for authors” qDecide on the authors, and decide who will be the corresponding author qVerify the current institution and address for each of the authors qDecide who will be responsible for the various parts
13、 of the manuscript: Introduction:_Methods/Materials:_ qResults:_Discussion:_ qFigures:_Tables:_ qReferences:_Overall formatting:_ qDiscuss who will be responsible for other parts of the submission process qCover letter:_Online/mail submission:_ qRevisions:_Letter for revision/rebuttal:_ qDetermine w
14、ho should be included in the acknowledgements qSelect a targeted date for submission qSelect major references to be cited qMake a list of the procedures and instruments used, along with the conditions for each experiment qVerify the details of the experiments (cell culture conditions, age of animals
15、, duration of treatments, doses of agents used, etc.) qPrepare the figures and tables for the major data that you will present qPrioritize the data (The most important? Supporting Data? Supplemental data (if applicable for the selected journal)?) Session 1 Checklist for Preparing an Outline 狰 与 障 氛
16、垮 琉 率 倪 饲 胆 未 髓 嘘 厩 蜡 履 月 裔 励 砖 喳 车 通 暗 促 矮 规 虽 公 装 店 蹈 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 Sample Outline nIntroduction Epidemiological studies show a correlation between isoflavone consumption and cancer. Evidence supports the idea that genistein is the most important isoflavone in the diet. G
17、enistein has an anticancer effect in animal models. nMain Point: Epidemiological studies show that diet, which can vary substantially from one country to another, is one of the major factors in cancer etiology and may account for up to 35% of the differences in cancer rates among different countries
18、. nThesis Statement: Genistein, a dietary component, has a novel mechanism of action, whereby it specifically down-regulates MDM2 at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. nMaterials and Methods: Plasmids and reagents Cell lines and cell cultures Reverse transcription-PCR Assays for apo
19、ptosis, cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and clonogenicity Xenograft models nResults: Genistein inhibits MDM2 expression in human cancer and primary cell lines, regardless of p53 status. (Figures 1 and 2) MDM2 transcription is repressed by genistein. (Figure 3) Genistein promotes degrada
20、tion of the MDM2 protein, independent of p53. (Figure 4) Inhibitory effects of genistein on tyrosine kinases are not required for the down-regulation of MDM2. (Figure 5) Genistein has antitumor effects on apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, and cell proliferation, regardless of cellular p53 status.
21、(Figure 6) In vitro antitumor activities of genistein are associated with its capacity to down-regulate MDM2. (Figure 7) In vivo MDM2 inhibition by genistein shows dose-dependent antitumor activity and chemosensitization, independent of p53. (Figure 7) nDiscussion: Reason for interest in genistein.
22、Purpose of study and summary of results. Transcriptional activation of MDM2. NFAT, a specific transcription factor. Post-translational regulation of the MDM2 protein. Lack of effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Importance of MDM2 expression in cancer. The antitumor effect of genistein and its effe
23、ct on MDM2. nConclusion: Importance of results in relation to cancer prevention and therapy. Session 1 害 摘 秋 虹 坤 峨 滴 颁 维 柬 德 蛋 虱 禄 疹 窄 酗 轴 钓 珊 胶 檀 契 晴 春 愧 美 歹 臻 潦 奎 胸 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 发 表 英 文 医 学 论 文 技 巧 Steps in Writing a Manuscript (3) nGeneral Approach to generating first draft: Tables and Fig
24、ures Results Methods Introduction Discussion Abstract Title References Other parts Session 1 nGeneral Approach to Revising first draft: Read the First Draft (From the beginning to the end Read it again Read literature again Revise nIntroductio n, Results and Discussion nMethods nAbstract nTitle Abst
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