空中领航学E01.ppt

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1、AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学1Air Navigation课件制作课程讲授王惠民AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学2Flight,or air navigation is themeans by which pilots reachtheirdestinationandfindtheirexactlocationatanytime.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学3 空中领航学是引空中领航学是引领领飞机飞机航航行的一门行的一门应用应用学学科，它以地球作为参照系来研究科，它以地球作为参照系来研究飞机相对于地球的运动及其导航方法。飞机相对于地球的运动及其

2、导航方法。空中领航学所要解决的三大基本问题，是确定：空中领航学所要解决的三大基本问题，是确定：飞机位置飞机位置飞机航向飞机航向飞行时间飞行时间AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学4 空中领航学研究的主要内容：空中领航学研究的主要内容：领航基础及元素；领航基础及元素；领航原理和方法；领航原理和方法；领航设备工作原理和使用；领航设备工作原理和使用；领航误差及修正原理；领航误差及修正原理；领航准备和实施。领航准备和实施。AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学5AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学6本本课课件件(共共九九章章)系系根根据据西西澳澳教教材材AnAviation

3、TheoryCentreManual-Meteorology and Navigation，即即ThePilotsManual系系列列丛丛书书第第二二册册制制作作，仅仅供供课课堂堂教教学学使使用用。特特此此申申明明，谨谨向该书编者致谢。向该书编者致谢。AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学7Chapter1FundamentalsofAirNavigationBasicPrinciplesThe basic principles of air navigation apply to all aircraft,from the simplest trainers to the most

4、sophisticated passenger jets.When flying cross-country,you are the pilot,the navigator and the radio operator.你既是驾驶员你既是驾驶员,也是领航员，也是领航员，又是无线电通信员。又是无线电通信员。BasicPrinciplesAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学8As a pilot,you must aviate,navigate and communicate.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学9TypesofNavigation The basic meth

5、od of navigation in VFR(day)operations is map reading,which is visual-contact navigation.It requires more or less continuous visual reference to the ground and is therefore of limited value in poor visibility conditions or when navigating above extensive cloud cover.TypesofNavigation The basic metho

6、d of navigation in VFR(day)operations is map reading,which is visual-contact navigation.It requires more or less continuous visual reference to the ground and is therefore of limited value in poor visibility conditions or when navigating above extensive cloud cover.TypesofNavigationAirNavigation空空中中

7、领领航航学学10 To assist us with our visual navigation procedures,we can use any radio navigation equipment installed in our aeroplane to obtain information from ground-based radio beacons.To support visual navigation procedures,we use dead reckoning(DR)to deduce our position.To assist us with our visual

8、navigation procedures,we can use any radio navigation equipment installed in our aeroplane to obtain information from ground-based radio beacons.To support visual navigation procedures,we use dead reckoning(DR)to deduce our position.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学11FormoftheEarth All air navigation is done

9、with reference to the surface of the earth.For practical purpose the earth can be treated as a perfect sphere with an average diameter of R=6 371.004 km.ShapeandSize地球半径：地球半径：RAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学12RotationoftheEarthPolaraxisTruesouthTruenorth The earth rotates toward the east.极极轴轴66 33AirNavigat

10、ion空空中中领领航航学学13ImaginaryLinesontheEarthsSurfaceGreatCircles大圆大圆A great circle(GC)drawn on the earths surface has a plane which passes through the centre of the sphere(earth).大圆以地球的球心为其圆心。大圆以地球的球心为其圆心。经 线赤 道无线电信号AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学14GreatcircleSmallcircleAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学15大圆具有如下特点：大圆具有如下特点

11、大大圆是在球体表面上所能画出的最大的是在球体表面上所能画出的最大的圆；在球体表面两点之在球体表面两点之间的最短距离是大的最短距离是大圆的弧；的弧；除了像地球的地理两极（径向相反）的两点以除了像地球的地理两极（径向相反）的两点以 外，在球体表面上两点之外，在球体表面上两点之间只能画出一个大只能画出一个大圆。AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学16SmallCircles小圆小圆A small circle is any circle on the surface of a sphere that is not a great circle;that is,the centre of

12、a small circle is not at the centre of the earth.在地球表面上除大圆以外的圆，其圆心不是球心。在地球表面上除大圆以外的圆，其圆心不是球心。The plane of a smallcircle does not passthroughthecentreofasphere.小圆平面不通过球心。小圆平面不通过球心。球心圆心AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学17Latitude纬度纬度南极南极北极北极赤道赤道AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学18Latitude纬纬度度AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学19Longit

13、ude经度经度南极南极北极北极本初子午线本初子午线(0经线经线)英国伦敦格林威治英国伦敦格林威治皇家天文台皇家天文台AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学20Longitude经经度度AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学21PositionontheEarthThe usual method of specifying the exact position of any point on earth is by reference to imaginary lines of forming the latitude and longitude grid on the surf

14、ace of the earth.参照地球表面的纬度和经度网格参照地球表面的纬度和经度网格,可为地球上任何一点精确定位。可为地球上任何一点精确定位。例如例如:北京北京39 57 N,116 28EAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学22The more commonly methods to pass position information by radio include the following:Stating a position as over(过过)or abeam(切切)a landmark or a navigation aid;and Stating the di

15、stance(距距离离)and bearing(方方位位)of an aircraft from a landmark or a navigation aid.Alternative methods for specifying aircraft position.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学23DirectionDirection is the angular position of one point to another without reference to the distance between them.To measure direction,the ful

16、l circle is divided into 360.It is usual to refer to direction as a three-figure group to prevent any misunderstanding.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学24BeechcraftBE-55PiperP28ACessnaC150The most fundamental reference from which angles aremeasured is that of true north,from 000 T through 090 T,180 T,270 Tto3

17、60 T.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学25NMAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学26Agreatcirclecrossessuccessivemeridiansatagraduallychangingangle.Arhumblinecrossesall meridians longitudeatthesameangle.In practical terms,the great-circle directionandtherhumb-linedirectionmaybeconsidered to be the same over shortdistances,say

18、lessthan200nm.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学27TrueDirection When we measure direction by reference to the local meridian,we are using the north geographic pole or true north as the reference.This direction is referred to as true direction.Direction is measured from a meridian.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学28Magne

19、ticDirection The actual direction shown by a freely suspended magnet is called magnetic north,and this is the datum we use to measure magnetic direction.The earths magnetic field.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学29Variation磁差磁差 Variation is the angular difference between true north and magnetic north.Variatio

20、n east,magnetic least;variation west,magnetic best.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学30地 球 磁 场磁 差AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学31Isogonals and the agonic line.AirportPERTHJANDAKOT32551S1155252EMagVar:1.483WU.S.A.AustraliaAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学32AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学33RelativeBearings相对方位角相对方位角 The relative bearing

21、 of an object from an aeroplane is its angular distance from the aircrafts heading measured clockwise from the nose of the aeroplane from 000REL through to 360REL.RB=035AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学34Conversions换算换算 A Relative Bearing A Magnetic BearingAircraft magnetic heading +Relative bearing of object

22、 from aircraft =Magnetic bearing of object from aircraft飞机航向角飞机航向角+相对方位角相对方位角=磁方位角磁方位角NMAircraft magnetic headingRelative bearing of object from aircraftAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学35Distance For navigation purposes,the unit of measurement of horizontal distance is the nautical mile(nm).For other aviatio

23、n uses,such as visibility,horizontal distance from cloud and runway lengths,the unit is either the kilometer or meter.UnitsofMeasurementAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学36TheNauticalMile海里海里 The nautical mile has its origin in its relationship to the size of the earth,where 1 min of latitude is equal to 1nm.1

24、nm=1,852mA nautical mile is absolutely not an Imperial measurement,although many think it is.10nm10minAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学37SpeedAirspeedandGroundspeed Because of the effect of the wind,the speed of an aeroplane can be expressed in two ways:It is measured in relation to the ground,ground speed.It

25、 is measured relative to the air mass through which it is moving,airspeed.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学38The effect of the wind on the speed of an aeroplane.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学39BAS（基本表速）基本表速）-shownbyASIIAS（指示空速）指示空速）CAS（校正空速）校正空速）EAS（当量空速）当量空速）TAS（真空速）真空速）-actualspeedthroughtheair空速表机械误差修正空速表机械误差修正空气

26、动力误差修正空气动力误差修正空气压缩性修正空气压缩性修正空气密度修正空气密度修正Airspeed IndicatorAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学40TrueAirspeed(TAS)For navigation purposes we need to know our true airspeed(TAS)or actual speed through the air.TAS=CAS/0Where,/0 is the air density ratio./0AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学41ForthesameIAS,warmerairincreasesTAS.

27、ForthesameTAS,theaircraftinlessdenseairhaslowerIAS.TAS80ktIAS 80 ktTAS93ktIAS 80 ktAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学42MovementinanAirMassVelocity The velocity is a rate of change of position in a given direction and is therefore a combination of both speed and direction.MovementinanAirMassVelocityAirNavigatio

28、n空空中中领领航航学学43WindVelocity风速向量风速向量 The wind velocity is nearly always expressed as a five-or six-figure group;the first three figures are the direction from which the wind blows,and the last two or three indicate the speed of the wind.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学44GroundVelocity地速向量地速向量 The result due to

29、the wind velocity effect is that the aeroplane has another velocity in addition to that described by its heading and TAS,and this is the ground velocity,or its track and groundspeed.TR/GS vectors.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学45Vector Addition向量加法向量加法AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学46TheTriangleofVelocities航行速度三角形航

30、行速度三角形HDG/TAS+W/V=TR/GS航向航向/真速真速+风向量风向量=航迹航迹/地速地速W/VTR/GSHDG/TASTheTriangleofVelocities航行速度三角形航行速度三角形HDG/TAS+W/V=TR/GSAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学47The wind side of a typical navigation computer.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学48Altimetry(VerticalNavigation)VerticalMeasurementAltitude(高高度度)is the vertical distanc

31、e of a level,a point,or an object considered as a point,measured from mean sea level(MSL).Flight Level(高高度度层层)is a surface of constant atmospheric pressure that is related to a specified pressure datum,1,013.2 hPa,and is separated from other such surfaces by specified pressure intervals.Height(高高)is

32、 the vertical distance of a level,a point,or an object considered as a point,measured from a specified datum.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学49 A pressure altimeter calibrated in accordance with the International Standard Atmosphere has the following properties:When set to a QNH altimeter setting,it will ind

33、icate altitude;When set to a pressure of 1,013.2 hPa,it may be used to indicate flight level.Note.QFEsettingsarenotusedinAustralia.AltimeterSettingsWhen set to a QFE altimeter setting,it will indicate height above the QFE reference datum;AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学50 The actual MSL pressure at any one p

34、lace is called QNH,and an altimeter set to QNH(with the altimeter subscale set to the actual MSL)will indicate altitude.QNHSettingQNHSettingAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学51VariationsinMeanSeaLevelPressure The actual MSL pressure differs most of the time from that under ISA conditions,and it also varies fro

35、m day to day,and even from hour to hour,as the various pressure systems move across the country.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学52 The charts we use for navigation show the height above mean sea level of all high ground and obstacles.Therefore,with the altimeter set to QNH,we will have an immediate indicatio

36、n of our vertical separation from the ground beneath us(terrain clearance).AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学53EffectofVariationintheMSLPressurePlan and profile views of synoptic situation.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学54 The constant variation of MSL pressure has the potential to cause two significant operational pr

37、oblems.If corrections are not made to the QNH setting the following will occur:Terrain Clearance（离地高度）（离地高度）when flying from high pressure to low pressure,the altimeter will over-read.when flying from low pressure to high pressure,the altimeter will under-read.From high to low,beware below.从从高高(压区压区

38、)飞往低飞往低(压区压区)，当心高度低。当心高度低。AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学55Traffic Separation（空中交通间隔）（空中交通间隔）SafetrafficseparationrequiresallaircraftinthesamevicinitytousethesameQNHaltimetersetting.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学56AreaQNH To ensure a proper vertical separation,all aircraft operating in the same general vicinity mu

39、st use the same altimeter subscale setting,the area QNH.Area QNH settings are used by all aircraft operating at or below 10,000 ft AMSL(transition altitude).The area QNH is a forecast value that is valid for a period of 3 hr and normally applies throughout an area QNH zone.Before flight,the area QNH

40、 will be available through the AVFAX system.In flight,the area QNH will be available from ATS.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学57AccuracyofAreaQNHSettingArea QNH values are required to be accurate to within 5 hPa of the actual QNH at any low-level point(below 10,000 ft AMSL)within,or on,the boundary of their

41、respective AQZs during the period of validity of the forecast.The indicated altitude will be within 150 ft of the actual altitude anywhere in the associated AQZ.AccuracyofAreaQNHSettingArea QNH values are required to be accurate to within 5 hPa of the actual QNH at any low-level point(below 10,000 f

42、t AMSL)within,or on,the boundary of their respective AQZs during the period of validity of the forecast.The indicated altitude will be within 150 ft of the actual altitude anywhere in the associated AQZ.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学58FlightLevelsAbove 10,000 ft(the transition altitude)we select the standa

43、rd MSL pressure of 1,013 hPa,and with the altimeter set to this,we fly at flight levels.CruisingFlightLevelsCruisingAltitudesAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学59PressureHeight(PressureAltitude)There are two methods of determining pressure altitude:we can set 1,013 hPa on the altimeter subscale and read off dir

44、ectly the value of the pressure height;or we can make a simple calculation as shown below,using our knowledge that up to 5,000 ft,the approximate rate of fall of pressure is 1 hPa per 30 ft.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学60How to find pressure height.Example:When 1,013 is greater than QNH,pressure height is

45、 greater than elevation.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学61How to find pressure height.Example:When 1,013 is less than QNH,pressure height is less than elevation.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学62AltimeterSettingRules（高度表拨正规则）高度表拨正规则）You are notpermittedtocruise withinthe transitionlayer.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学63Limit

46、ationsFL110 is not available for level flight when the AreaQNHislessthan1013HPA;FL115 is not available for level flight when the AreaQNHislessthan997HPA,andsoon.To ensure that the 1,000-foot buffer of the transition layer is maintained,the lowest FL available for cruising becomes higher and higher w

47、ith a progressive decrease in the value of the area QNH.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学64SelectionofCruisingLevelsMagneticTracksFrom000throughEastto179From180throughWestto359CruisingAltitude(AreaQNH)1,5007,5003,5009,5005,5002,5008,5004,5006,500CruisingFlightLevels(1013HPA)115175135195155125185145165Note:Pil

48、otsshouldbeawarethatVFRaircraftoutsidecontrolledairspacemaybeoperatingatrandomlevelsbelow5,000FTAMSL.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学65CruisingAltitudeAirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学66PreflightAltimeterChecksIt is important that you know that your altimeter is functioning correctly,and rules for preflight checks are

49、 given in AIP.VFR AltimetersWithanaccurateQNHset,aVFRaltimeter(s)shouldreadsiteelevationtowithin100FT(110FTattestsitesabove3,300FT)tobeacceptedbythepilotasserviceable.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学67Accurate QNH and Site ElevationA QNH can be considered accurate if it isprovided by ATIS,Tower or an automaticremote-reporting aerodrome sensor.Area orforecastQNHmustnotbeusedforthetest.SiteelevationmustbederivedfromaerodromesurveydatapublishedbyAirservices or supplied by the aerodromeowner.AirNavigation空空中中领领航航学学68课件制作课程讲授飞飞 行行 学学 院院Total sheets:68课件制作课程讲授王惠民王惠民