外文翻译葵花籽脱壳机和油压机.doc

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1、The Sunflower Seed Huller and Oil PressBy Jeff Cox- fromOrganic Gardening, April 1979, Rodale PressIN 2,500 SQUARE FEET, a family of four can grow each year enough sunflower seed to produce three gallons of homemade vegetable oil suitable for salads or cooking and 20 pounds of nutritious, dehulled s

2、eed - with enough broken seeds left over to feed a winters worth of birds.The problem, heretofore, with sunflower seeds was the difficulty of dehulling them at home, and the lack of a device for expressing oil from the seeds. About six months ago, we decided to change all that. The job was to find o

3、ut who makes a sunflower seed dehuller or to devise one if none were manufactured. And to either locate a home-scale oilseed press or devise one. No mean task.Our researches took us from North Dakota - hub of commercial sunflower activity in the nation - to a search of the files in the U.S. Patent O

4、ffice, with stops in between. We turned up a lot of big machinery, discovered how difficult it is to buy really pure, unrefined vegetable oils, but found no small-scale equipment to dehull sunflowers or press out their oil.The key to success, however, was on our desk the whole time. In spring 1977,

5、August Kormier had submitted a free-lance article describing how he used a Corona grain mill to dehull his sunflower seeds, and his vacuum cleaner exhaust hose to blow the hulls off the kernels. A second separation floated off the remaining hulls, leaving a clean product. Wed tried it, but because s

6、ome kernels were cracked and the process involved drying, we hadnt been satisfied. Now we felt the best approach was to begin again with what we learned from Mr. Kormier and refine it.Staff Editor Diana Branch and Home Workplace Editor Jim Eldon worked with a number of hand- and electric-powered gra

7、in mills. While the Corona did a passable job, they got the best results with the C.S. Bell #60 hand mill and the Marathon Uni Mill, which is motor-driven. I couldnt believe my eyes the first time I tried the Marathon, Diana says. I opened the stones to 1/8th inch, and out came a bin full of whole k

8、ernels and hulls split right at the seams. What a thrill that was!She found that by starting at the widest setting,and gradually narrowing the opening, almost every seed was dehulled. The stones crack the hulls open, then rub them to encourage the seed away from the fibrous lining. The Bell hand mil

9、l worked almost as well. As long as the stones open at least as wide as the widest unhulled seed, any mill will work, she says.Because the seed slips through the mill on its flat side, grading is an important step to take before dehulling. We made three sizing boxes. The first is 1/4-inch hardware c

10、loth wire screen. The second is two layers of 1/4-inch cloth, moved slightly apart to narrow the opening in one direction, and the third is two layers of screen adjusted to make a still-smaller opening. Since the smallest unhulled seeds are about the size of the largest hulled kernels, the grading s

11、tep prevents these undersized seeds from passing through unhulled. Processed together at a closer setting, the smallest seeds hulled out.Jim Eldons workshop is littered with strange-looking pieces of apparatus. They represent initial attempts to build a workable winnowing box, using Kormiers vacuum

12、exhaust idea for a source of air. Jim, Fred Matlack and Diana finally made a box with a Plexiglas front, through which they could observe what was happening.They cut a hole in the back of the box with a sliding cover to regulate the air pressure, and fiddled with various arrangements of baffles. The

13、 result was a stream of hulls exiting through one hole while the kernels fell to the bottom of the box. Now they were ready to try a five-pound sample of unhulled sunflower seeds to see how much they could recover.The five pounds were graded and dehulled, then winnowed. We got about one hull for eve

14、ry ten kernels in the final, winnowed product. These are easily picked out. They usually contain kernels still held behind the fibrous strings of the hull. Their weight prevents them from blowing out with the empty hulls. We found that bug-eaten seeds do blow away with the chaff, which was a bonus f

15、or cleanliness of the final product. Toss the hulls to the birds, who will find broken seeds among them.Starting with 80 ounces of unhulled seed, we ended up with 41-1/4 ounces of edible whole seeds, 1.8 ounces of damaged seeds suitable for animal feed, and 36.6 ounces of hulls. It took us about an

16、hour. Not bad.Sunflower seeds store perfectly in the hulls, but they deteriorate more rapidly when shelled out. The grain mill dehuller and winnowing box give the gardener a way to have the freshest possible seeds for eating at all times of the year. With the construction of one more piece of equipm

17、ent - the oil press - he can have absolutely fresh, unrefined, polyunsaturated sunflower oil for salads, mayonnaise and cooking.Most light, refined vegetable oils have been extracted using hexane, a form of naphtha. The oil is then heated to boil off the hexane. Lye is dumped into it. Its washed wit

18、h steam, then heated to remove odors and taste before being laced with preservatives and stabilizers. It may feel oily in the mouth, but you might as well taste air. No so with fresh-made sunflower oil - its deliciously yet subtly nutty in flavor, adding unsurpassed flavor to salads.Theres good reas

19、on to believe that sunflower oil may become the #1 vegetable oil in the U.S. in a few years. Its already #1 in health-conscious Europe. Corn oil has already caught on here for health reasons, and sunflower oil is so much better. Sunflower oils 70 percent polyunsaturate is just under safflower, with

20、corn oil bringing up the rear with 55 percent. And sunflowers yield 40 percent oil, soybeans only 20 percent.Our oil press is relatively simple, but it must be welded together. Check the construction directions for details. The press consists of a welded tubular frame which accepts a three-ton hydra

21、ulic jack. You may already have one. If not, it can be purchased at most auto and hardware stores for about $16. A metal canister with holes drilled in its sides and one end welded shut holds the mashed sunflower seeds. A piston is inserted in the canister and then inverted and slipped over a pedest

22、al on the frame. The jack is set in place, and the pressure gradually increased over half an hour. The oil drips from the sides of the canister into a tray - the bottom of a plastic jug slipped over the pedestal works fine - which empties the oil into a cup. You can filter the oil with a coffee filt

23、er to remove pieces of seed and other fine particles that would burn if the oil were used for cooking. If its for salads or mayonnaise, theres no need to filter it.We first tried using confectionary sunflower seeds for oil. These are the regular eating kernels were used to seeing. They give less tha

24、n half as much oil as the oilseed types of sunflower. Although you can use confectionary types such as MAMMOTH RUS- SIAN for oil, dont expect to get more than an ounce and a half from a pound of seed. Oilseed produces three or more ounces of oil from a pound of seed and is well worth planting along

25、with confectionary-type seeds. Oilseed has another big advantage - to prepare it, you can put the whole, unhulled seed into a blender and whiz it until it forms a fine meal, while confectionary seeds must be dehulled first. The entire sequence of grading, dehulling and winnowing is avoided with oils

26、eed.Oil types produce about a tenth of a pound of seed per head in commercial production. Gardeners, with their better soil and care, invariably do better than that. Our conservative estimate is that 1,280 plants will be enough for three gallons of oil. Spaced one foot apart in rows two feet apart,

27、1,280 oilseed plants will take a space 40-by-56 feet, or 80-by-28 if you want a more rectangular patch to face south.We worked in pound batches, since the canister just holds one pound of mash. After blending, we heated it to 170 degrees F. (77 deg C) by placing it in a 300-degree F. (149 deg C) ove

28、n and stirring it every five minutes for 20 minutes. Heating gets the oil flowing and doubles the yield of oil. In case youre wondering, cold-pressed oils sold commercially are also heated, and some are subjected to the entire chemical process. The term has no firm meaning within the industry, accor

29、ding to the literature weve surveyed.Heating does not change the structure of fats. It will not turn polyunsaturated fats into saturated fats. In fact, Dr. Donald R. Germann in his book, The Anti-Cancer Diet, says that . an unsaturated fat must be heated to high temperatures - above 425 degrees F. o

30、r 200 degrees C. - at least 8 or 10 times before any shift toward saturation occurs. Dean C. Fletcher, Ph.D., of the American Medical Association Department of Foods and Nutrition in Chicago, says, Its true that either high temperature or repeated heating does change the nature of some of the unsatu

31、rated oil molecules. (But) the flavor of the oil changes as these chemical changes occur, spoiling its taste. This effect is probably more profound than any of the physiological changes the altered oil might produce within the body.From 500 gm. of heated mash, we pressed 89 gm. of oil, 89 percent of

32、 the entire amount available and twice as much as we could press from unheated oil! The decision is up to you whether or not to heat the mash, but that extra 50 percent seems like an awful lot, especially when the whole technique is so labor intensive. The oil should be stored in the refrigerator, a

33、nd its probably best to use it within a month, since it has no preservatives. Mayonnaise made with such fresh oils should be kept refrigerated and used within two weeks. The leftover cake, still containing 50 percent of its oil, is a nutritious addition to your dishes, and makes excellent feed for a

34、nimals or winter birds. Store the pressed cake in the freezer.Were talking then about a sunflower patch with two kinds of plants - confectionary such as MAMMOTH RUSSIAN and oilseed such as PEREDOVIK. The oilseed plants should be grown 12 inches apart in rows two feet apart. Four average confectionar

35、y heads yield about a pound of unhulled seed. Youll need about 35 pounds of unhulled seed, or 140 plants-worth, to yield 20 pounds of hulled kernels, about what a family of four will use in a year. That many plants can be grown in an area 26-by-10 feet. Thats 260 square feet. Put that together with

36、the 2,240 square feet for the oilseed sunflowers, and you need a patch about 2,500 square feet - 25 100-foot rows - to keep yourself supplied year-round with super nutrition and unsurpassable taste.Winnowing Machine For Sunflower SeedsThe winnowing machine operates on the age-old principle of blowin

37、g the chaff away from the heavy grain with a controlled current of air.The unit uses a household or shop-type vacuum cleaner for its air supply. A vacuum cleaner was used as a power source because it can supply a large volume of air over an extended period of time, and most homes and farms have a va

38、cuum cleaner.A cloth bag has been attached to the chaff chute to catch the chaff as it is separated from the seed. The bag allows the hulls to be collected and greatly reduces the amount of waste material normally blown into the air by conventional systems.The unit has been constructed in such a way

39、 that the cloth bag and cleaner box can be placed inside the seed box, making a compact package for storage.Tools Required1. Table Saw2. Drill Press3. Band Saw4. Saber SawProcedure (cleaner box)1 . Cut out the two sides of the cleaner box from 1/4-inch plywood.2. Cut out the six interior pieces of t

40、he cleaner box from 3/4 x 3-1/2-inch select pine.3. Assemble the cleaner box elements with glue and nails.4. Cut four 1/4-inch square strips of pine four inches long.5. Glue the strips around the end of the chaff chute.6. Sand all surfaces and edges.7. Finish with clear lacquer finish.Procedure (see

41、d box)1. Cut two pieces of pine /34 x 5 /12 x 15 inches for the sides.2. Cut two pieces of pine 3/4 x 5-1/2 x inches for the top and bottom.3. Plow a /14 x 1/4 groove for the front and back panels in all four pieces.4. Rip the top board to 5 inches so that the front panel can slide into the grooves

42、in the side boards.5. Rabbet both ends of each 15-inch side piece to accept the top and bottom boards.6. Drill a hole in the left side board 2-1/2 inches from the top. The size of the hole is determined by the vacuum cleaner hose fitting.7. Cut a 3-1/4 x 4 inch hole in the top 1/2 inch from the righ

43、t end. This hole will accept the cleaner box.8. Cut two pieces of pine for the baffle.9. Drill two 1-inch holes in the bottom of the baffle box.10. Cut a piece of 1/4 x 8-1/2 x 14 inch plywood for the back panel.11. Cut a 3-inch hole, centered 1-7/8 inches from the top and left sides of the plywood

44、back.12. Assemble the sides, baffles, top, bottom, and back panel with glue and nails.13. Cut an 8-7/16 x 15-3/4-inch piece of Plexiglas for the front.14. Cut a one-inch radius on the top corners of the front.and sand the edges.15. Drill a one-inch thumb hole centered 7/8 inch from the top edge.16.

45、Cut a 3-1/2-inch disk of 1/4-inch plywood for the vent cover.17. Drill a 3/16-inch hole 3/8 inch from the edge of the disk.18. Mount the disk over the vent with a #10 x 1-inch screw.19. Sand all surfaces and edges of the, box.20. Finish with clear lacquer finish.MaterialsCleaner Box2 - 7-3/4 x 7-1/2

46、 x 3/4 plywood (sides)6 - 3/4 x 3-1/2 x 24 for all members (baffles)4 - 1/4 x 1/4 x 4 pine (chute cleats)22 - 1 x 18 ga. headed nailsWhite vinyl glueClear lacquer finishSeed Box2 - 3/4 x 5-1/2 x 15 select pine (sides)2 - 3/4 x 5-1/2 x 8-1/2 select pine (top and bottom)1 - 3/4 x 3-1/2 x 4-1/2 select

47、pine (baffle)1 - 3/4 x 4-1/2 x 4-1/2 select pine (baffle)1 - 1/4 x 8-1/2 x 14 plywood (back)1 - 1/4 x 3-1/2 dia. plywood (control valve)1 - 1/4 x 8-7/16 x 15-1/4 Plexiglas (front)1 - #10 x 1 flat head screw18 - 4d finish nailsWhite vinyl glueClear lacquer finish1 - 17 x 31 cloth laundry bagSunflower

48、 Seed Oil PressThe press was designed so that homesteaders can produce sunflower oil from their own seeds. The oil can be pressed as is or heated to 170 degrees F., which doubles oil yield.Both methods require the seed to be ground to fine powder. If you are pressing the oil seed variety, a meat gri

49、nder or electric blender will do an excellent job of grinding the seed. The confectionary type of seed will require the seed to be hulled and winnowed before it is ground. A food mill with the stones set at the coarse setting can be used to accomplish this step.The ground kernels are placed in the cylinder with the piston closing the bottom portion of the cylinder.The