园艺专业英语课文46doc.doc

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1、园艺专业英语Lesson 1The History and the Development of Protected CultivationSelected and rewritten from u The History and Geography of the Greenhouse by Il Zvi Enoch and Yaeln Enoch, in Greenhouse Ecosyslems20, echled by G Stanhill and H Zvi Enoch, a series book of Ecosystems ofthc World (Li Yaling, Shanx

2、i Agricuhural University)This lesson briefly describes the development of the greenhouse from antiquity to the present day. Il includes a discussion of po(ec(ed cropping in cokband ho(fames, glass cloches, lean-to houses, winter gardens orangeries, conservatories and glasshouses in their varied form

3、s, and plastic-clad plant enclosures of all sizes ranging from low tunnels walk-in tunnels, to large plastic housesFor the purpose of this lesson, the greenhouse is defined as a transparent enclosure designed to grow or temporarily protect plants Thus the definition does not include enclosures for g

4、rowing mushrooms or tissue culturesIn antiquity, however there were probably no greenhouses in the sense defined here but there were various practices adopted to provide out-of-secison flowers and vegetablesThe cultivation of out-of-season plants was intensely studied in ancient Athens and Rome This

5、 Can be seen for instance in the work of Theophrastus who lived from 372 to 287 BCE (before the common era). He mentioned moving plants into the peristyle (verandah iii a dosed courtyard of a Greek house) at night and heating soil by mixing it with decaying manure or compost.Growers in China Mesopot

6、amia Egypt, Israeh Greece and Rome grew valuable plants in pots and placed them indoors at night or during cold periods to protect them Sometimes plants were grown on wheelbarrdws that could easily be brought into a grotto cellar or room at night. Chinese plant culture may have included greenhouses

7、that xcording to tradition, go back to antiquity. A Chinese greenhouse(Fig. 1-1 in the text book ) consisted of a brick wall oriented east-west. On its southernside, a transparent surface consisting of bamboo sticks covered with oiled paper was placed at an angle 30 40 to the horizontal. During the

8、day, the brick wall became heated by the sun and at night it released its heat In add it ion at n ight the paper window was covered by rush mats which acted as thermal insulation. Similar simple greenhouses are in use today and it is claimed that they increase the night temperature by up to 69C In t

9、he 20th century in both northwestern Europe and North America there was a development from smaller to larger greenhouse units 9 usually evenspan or ridge and furrow multi-span houses The Use of small electrical motors allowed automated climate control, including the opening of vents Heating by therm

10、siphon hot water circulation was replaced by forced circulation Electrical putnps were used for irrigation and to operate shading systems, etc.Lean-to glasshouse slowly became obsolete and heating by smoke flues disappeared in the first decades of the 20thcentury However these changes all occurred v

11、ery gradual!y An example of this development in the Netherlands is outlined belowSimple over-winter sheds were used in Aalsmeer, the Netherlands, up to the 1920% and storc-framcst placed against the walls to protect vines in the Westland region were photographed in 1928.At the beginning of the 20th

12、century, 90 % of the area used for protected cultivation in the Netherlands consisted of cold frames or hotbeds (heated by decomposition of manure and compost) By 1950, the area was still about 30%, and in 1964 it was 10% The use of Dutch lights was introduced at the beginning of the 20th century. I

13、nitially, only single-span frames were used； double -light frames date from about 1920 Comparing the building practices in the Netherlands with those in the more advanced United States one sees that in 1904, 90 % of the glass-covered area in the Netherlands con sisted of light frames while 25 % of t

14、he glasscovered area in the US A in the year 1900 was of proper glasshouses The area under glass in the Netherlands increased from 1.6 km2 in 1904 to 4.0 km2 in 1912, to 32. 9 km2 in 1950, reaching 60.2 knf in 1964.Heating and carbon-dioxide fertilization of hotbed through the decomposition of mixtu

15、res of horse manure and plant residues was widely used in the Netherlands at the beginning of the last century, and remained the com IT Ion way for growing cucumbers and melons until horses were replaced by tractors in the years after the Second World War.Claassen and Haze loop (1933)mentioned that

16、at that time flue heaters were only used by a few growen; in the Netherlands whereas in Belgium* most of the 4.40 kirT used for fruit-growing in 1939 was heated by flues. Dutch greenhouses suitable tor a variety of crops were developed gradually over half a century. In 1900, at Loosduinen a steel-fr

17、amed greenhouse was built which became the forerunner for the “Enlo Warenhuis? a house that could be used for different crops This glasshouse first built in 1937, consists of large sheets of glass held within the grooves of the two sides of a separating narrow steel bar, permitting the maxinium tran

18、smission of light V?nlo-typc structures (Fig 12) were becoming popular ill Westland of the Netherlands iii the 1950s Burning natural gas for the supply of carbon dioxide to greenhouse crops began in the Netherlands in 1961 following work done by J Stender from the Institute of Horticultural Engineer

19、ing in Wageningen, and became globally applied over the next decade Glossary1. glass cloche园艺用钟形玻璃西(E钟形玻璃罩，一种通常呈钟状的罩子，主耍用丁保护植 物避免严寒冻害)2. cold-and hot-frame 阳畦和温床3. Ican-to house 一面坡温室，单屋面温室4. winter garden冬季花园(或菜园)5. orangery 柑橘温室，橘园,养橘温室(a sheltered placet especially a greenhouse used for the culti

20、vation of orange trees in cool climates)6 conscrvatoiy 话人室(a greenhouse。 especially one in which plants arc arranged aesthetically for display, as at a botanical garden)7. enclosure 111住围栏(四周有篱笆或围墙的场地,这里指房屋);transparent enclosure透明 房屋；plastic-clad plant enclosures塑料覆盖的植物房子8. tunnel 拱棚；low【unncl 小拱棚；

21、walk-in tunnel 中拱棚；large plaslichousc 幫料大棚9. tissue culture 组织培养10. out-of-season flowers and vegetables 反季节的花卉和蔬菜11. common era 基督时代与公元相符合的时期(the period coinc id uig with the Christian era,可 以缩写为C. E.)I2decaying manure or compost腐熟的农家肥或堆肥13. grotto洞穴，岩穴.人工洞室14. cellar地窖，地下室15bamboo stick竹片竹竿16. oil

22、ed paper 油纸17. rush mat草席灯心草或类似物（通常是水生植物）如蒲草编制的席子18. thermo-siphon热虹吸,热虹吸管19 forced circulation 强制循环20. smoke flue烟道加热管；flue咒.烟洞,烟道，暖气管；flue heater烟道暖气管,烟道加 热器21. even-span 等屋面的;single-span 单跨：multi-span 连跨，多跨22 ndge. and furrow multi-span house 嘴沟连跨温室23store-frame贮藏室24. Dutch lights荷兰土温室（lights在这里特

23、指见光面）25. double-light frame 双而进光骨架26 km2 平方千米（=squarc kilometert lkm2= 1 OOha）27hotbed温床28. Aalsmeer荷兰的一个地名（是世界著名的花卉拍卖中心所在地）29. Westland荷兰酋部地区（是温室集中发展的区域，乂名glass city）30. fenlo荷兰的一个地名是荷兰温室fcnlo-type greenhouse（芬洛式温室）的起源地31 fcnlo warenhuis 荷兰语，英语应为 fcnlo warehouse32. Ix）osduinen荷兰的一个地名33Mesopotamia 索

24、不达米亚（地X，位于西南亚地区）QuestionsA. Please answer the following questions in English 1 How is the greenhouse defined according to this lesson?2 What docs a Chinese solar-grccnhousc look like?3 Please describe the development of greenhouse culth ation in the Netherlands 4 Could you please think about the dev

25、elopment of greenhouse cultivation in China?5 Please list protected facilities currently used in China.B Please translate the following paragraphs into English1. 设施园艺是指在不适宜园艺作物生长发育的寒冷或炎热季节，利用保温、防寒或降温、 防雨设施，人为地创造适衣园艺作物生长发育的小气候环境，使园艺作物的生产不受或少受 自然季节的影响。由于其生产季节往往是在露地自然环境下难以生产的时节，故又称其为“反 季节栽培”、“不时栽培”、“促成

26、栽培”。2. 风障、阳畦、温床、塑料棚及温室可为轉地和保护地培育各种蔬菜幼苗，或保护咐寒 性蔬菜的幼苗越冬，以便提早定植，获得早熟产品。3. 从设施类型看，我国园艺设施栽培面积最大的是熨料拱棚和单屋面温室，尤其是不加 温的节能型日光温室，已经成为我国温室的主导类型。n前大型温室或连栋温室的发展也开 始起步。The Geographical Distribution of the GreenhousesSelected and rewritten from “The History and Geography of the Greenhouse by H Zvi Enoch and Yacln

27、EnOch, in house Ecosystems 20, edited by G StanhillandH Zvi Enoch, a scries book of Ecosystems of the World (Li Yaling Shanxi Agricultural University)It is not simple to find reliable information about the world-wide area distribution of greenhouses The total world-wide area was 43. 143 ha (431 km2)

28、 in the 1970 s according to Hanan et al (1978)： 180, 000 ha (L 800 km2) according to Meiigaard (1995)： 265, 800 ha (2, 658 km2) greenhouses and high tunnels and 40. 700 ha (407 km2) glasshouses according to Wittwer and Castilh(1995) and 93. 570 ha (936 km2) greenhouses according to Boulard (1996) Wi

29、ttwer (1993) estimated that there were 198, 700 ha of plastic greenhouses and no less than 658, 700 ha law tunnels and soil mulches in the world The area of greenhouses in individual countries is frequently noted, but the figure is typically the estimate of informed research, as for instance Ain ira

30、m( 1987)and Castilla and Hernandez (1995)In the following, we have based our estimates on a survey made by a Dutch horticultural marketing company HORTIMARC B V Amsterdam, in November 1995 This shows the total world-wide area ogreenhouses to be currently about 800, 000 ha(8, 000 kmO), or about I 3 s

31、quare meter per pcnon in the WOrld Obvious 1 y most of the world * s population(6X 10 pcrsons)do use greenhouse Droducts The largest area of protected cuhivation can be found in China which has 60(), ()()() ha(6 000 km2)or about three-quarters of the total global aca Ncarlv allthe greenhouse area in

32、 China consists of simple plasticclad houses mostly used for vegetable production around large cities Glasshouses in China arc onlv used to a minor extent, mainly for research he secondkirgest area of greenhouses 42, ()00 ha (420 km), is found inJapan(5 3% of world area) only 2, 000 ha (20 km2) of w

33、hich consists of glasshouses This is followed by Italy with 28, 750ha(287km2X3. 6%), Spain with 25. 000 ha (250km2)(3. 2%) and the Netherlands with 10, 1 ()0 ha (101 km2) (1. 3%), most of which is glasshouses Thus, out of the total global greenhouse area, the bulk now consists of simple plastic hous

34、es, with the exception of a few European countries such as the Netherlands Italy, GermanyFrance and Denmark, in which a considerable proportion of protected cultivation still is in glasshouses The general world widc trend of the greenhouse ecosystem has thus gone full circle, from simple plant shelt

35、ers, used two millennia ago through complex and expensive glasshouses back to simple inexpensive plastic shelters The reason for this development can be found in the two alternatives to greenhouse cultivation by which the consumer can obtain out-of-season food and flower 洪oducts, namely transport an

36、d storage The consumer requiring a year-round supply of fresh fruit, vegetables and flowers can be supplied either by：Changing the climate of a greenhouse covered by plastic or glass: Storing fruit, flow ere and vegetable products after the n onnal harvest season until a later marketing date：Transpo

37、rting the product across climate zones from where it grows naturally to where it is marketed.All three alternatives are in use at the present The greenhouse ecosystems of northwestern Europe provide at great cost, the climate changes needed to produce flowcrs(c g roses) and vegetables(e g tomatoes)i

38、n the winter. Consumers can also receive the same goods by importing them from warmer counties Some plant products, for instance carnation flowers, can be stored for prolonged periods The stored carnations are then marketed at a period when their price is high Some crops arc grown ouldoors and flown

39、 to their markets in other countries A typical example is orchids A large proportion of the world S orchid production is grown outdoon; in Thailand, harvested and flown to their markets in Japan, Australia Europe and North America. There is no lack of knowledge about how to grow orchids in heated gr

40、eenhouses in those countries where they are marketed, but apparently it does not pay to produce them locally Roses are grown during the winter in Israel and elsewhere along the South coast of the Mediterranean and Sold in Europe, exactly as roses from Egypt competed with localfy produced flowers fro

41、m protected cultivation in Rome two millennia ago.Enoch (1978) analyzed these three options-that is climate change, storage, and transport over climate zones-and calculated their different energy expenditures Currently , economic considerations and not energy optimizat ions arc paramount If i( is ch

42、eaper to produce field crops or to store or transport products, then this will be done in preference to making the necessary climate changes within greenhouses even if it is more expensive in energetic terms.There is every reason to expect that in the future transport over climate zones and longer s

43、torage will become more efficient and thus cheaperthereby decreasing the commercial importance of the greenhouse aS an agricultural production system. However greenhouses will almost certainly survive for the same reasons that first favored their development namely as a provider of luxuries for the

44、rich, for their aesthetic and recreational importance and their role in botanical and ecosystem researchGlossary1informed research已有的研究2. carnation flower荷兰石竹，康乃馨3. energy expenditure 能 il：支出,能 花费4. in preference (o 优先于5. agricultural production system 农业生产系统6. orchid砲.兰，兰花，淡紫色：砌.淡紫色的Questions1 Whic

45、h countries have most of the jrotected cultivat ion in form of glasshouses?2 Vhat is the general world-wide trend of the greenhouse ecosystem? Please give some reasons 3 What are the three options for supplying fresh vegetables and flowers year-round?4. Why can we assure that u greenhouses will almo

46、st certainly survive ?5. Please give some information about the development and changes of protected cultivation from 1980s to the present in ChinaLesson 2Goals of Greenhouse Climate ControlSelected and rewritten from Climate and Crop Growth and Development11 by H Challa in General Principles of r,P

47、n)lected cultivation99. syllabus of Wagcningcn University (Li Ya ling, Shanxi Agricultural University)The use of climate control can influence the most important aboveground growth factors. These factors arc light, CO2 concentration, temperature and air-humidity. The quantity of light is determined

48、in most cases by the weather conditions outside the greenhouse, although the use of shades or supplementary light ing allows the grower to control this to some extent. Through the use of climate control, the grower has mote influence over the other factors What are the most important goals in the control of greenhouse climate? These can be summarized briefly: high production; optimal harvest pkuiniiig; optimal product quality; risk management (prevention of calamities); environmental