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1、大连交通大学信息工程学院2010届本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译Standards for Piezoelectric Ceramic MaterialsThis document details some of the standards related activities for piezoelectric materials, mainly bulk ceramic types. Standards related purely to quartz have been omitted, in order to limit the size of the task. The produc

2、tion of standards, particularly international ones, is a long and unrewarding business, and that they ever become standards is a tribute to the persistence of a small number of individuals. Consequently the existence or not of a standard in a particular area is not solely because of the need for suc

3、h a standard, but is due to the concerted effort of these individuals. Also because of the need to keep documents current, if years after publication of a standard there is nobody prepared to maintain this document then there is a danger it will be withdrawn or cancelled. This situation is reflected

4、 in the piezoelectric materials standards area, where there are strong groups in Europe (CENELEC) and America (IEEE-UFFC), but some of the most quoted standards have recently been withdrawn ( IEEE 176-1987, IEEE 180-1986, MIL-STD 1376B (SH).Standards organisations with Piezoelectric related standard

5、sCENELEC CENELEC is the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization and It has been officially recognised as the European Standards Organisation in its field by the European Commission in Directive 83/189/EEC.A comprehensive series of piezoelectric standards are being developed for CENEL

6、EC under BTTF 63-2. There are two working groups in this committee and it is WG-2 that is producing standards related to piezoelectric materials, under the stewardship of Wanda Wolny. At the time of writing the first three are close to being approved by the various national committees. As with most

7、standards within CENELEC there are English, French and German versions of these standards.prEN 50324-1:2001 Piezoelectric properties of ceramic materials and components - Part 1: Definitions and Classifications This standard relates to piezoelectric transducer ceramics for application both as transm

8、itters and receivers in electroacoustics and ultrasonics over a wide frequency range. They are used for generation and transmission of acoustic signals, for achievement of ultrasonic effects, for transmission of signals in communication electronics, for sensors and actuators, and used for generation

9、 of high voltages in ignition devices.Piezoelectric ceramics can be manufactured in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Commonly used shapes include discs, rectangular plates, bars, tubes, cylinders and hemispheres as well as bending elements (circular and rectangular), sandwiches and monolithic mul

10、tilayers.prEN 50324-2:2001 Piezoelectric properties of ceramic materials and components - Part 2: Methods of measurement and properties - Low power The methods of measurement described in this specification are for use with piezoelectric components produced from the ceramic materials described in pr

11、EN 50324-1 Definitions and classification. Methods of measurement for specific dielectric, piezoelectric and elastic coefficients are generally applicable to piezoelectric ceramics.The polycrystalline nature of ceramics, statistical fluctuations in composition and the influence of the manufacturing

12、process, result in specified material coefficients being typical mean values. These values are provided for design information only.Piezoelectric transducers can have widely differing shapes and may be employed in a range of vibrational modes. Material parameters however, are measured on simple test

13、pieces, (discs, rods) using specific geometric anmd electrical boundary conditions. Consequently, the results of the tests provide basic material parameters only and must be used as a guide to the actual properties of manufactured commercial components.prEN 50324-3:2001 Piezoelectric properties of

14、ceramic materials and components - Part 3: Methods of measurement - High power This standard relates piezoelectric transducer ceramics for power application over a wide frequency range botha as electromechanical or mechanoelectrical converters.This standard covers the large signal characterization o

15、f piezoelectric ceramics material only, and not the characterization of a complete assembled transducer.The selection of a material for a given power application is difficult and the advice given in section 2 is mainly indicative.prEN 50ZZZ-1 (BTTF 63-2(CONV)12) Properties of multilayer actuators -

16、Part 1: Terms and definitions This European Standard relates to the definitions for Multilayer actuators. Their applications have been widely increased in various field of industry : mechanical engineering : tools positioning, clamps, active wedges, damping, active control, generation sonic or ultra

17、sonic vibrations, . microelectronics : positioning of masks, wafers or magnetic heads, non magnetic actuation, circuit breakers, fluids : proportional valves, pumps, ink jet, droplet generators, injectors, optics : mirrors or lenses positioning, focusing, laser cavity tuning, alignment or deformatio

18、n of fiber, scanners, choppers, interferometers, modulators. Multilayer actuators can be manufactured in a wide variety of sizes. The most common shape is the rectangular bar. Ring multilayer actuators exist also. The measurements under prestress apply to the stack actuators. This standard relates t

19、o d33 actuators, which elongate in the direction of poling and is limited to the static and quasistatic applications. prEN 50ZZZ-2 (BTTF 63-2(CONV)12) Properties of multilayer actuators - Part 2: Methods of measurement This standard describes the measurement techniques, which can be applied to measu

20、re the properties of Multilayer Actuators, as defined in prEN 50ZZZ-1. Multilayer actuators can be manufactured in a wide variety of sizes. The most common shape is the rectangular bar. Ring multilayer actuators exist also. The measurements under prestress apply to the stack actuators. This standard

21、 relates to d33 actuators, which elongate in the direction of poling and is limited to the static and quasistatic applications. prEN 50PPP (BTTF 63-2(CONV)12) Properties of piezoelectric thick films IEC The IEC, the International Electrotechnical Commission is the international standards and conform

22、ity assessment body for all fields of electrotechnology. The standards are maintained by a series of technical committees that cover a narrow subject area. Most of the standards developed in the IEC are maintained and produced by TC49, Piezoelectric and dielectric devices for frequency control and s

23、election. At present the only active work item related to piezoelectric ceramics seems to be a glossary, IEC 61994-4-2.TC-49 Piezoelectric and dielectric devices for frequency control and selection IEC 60483 (1976-01) Guide to dynamic measurements of piezoelectric ceramics with high electromechanica

24、l coupling IEC 60302 (1969-01) Standard definitions and methods of measurement for piezoelectric vibrators operating over the frequency range up to 30 MHz IEC 60642 (1979-01) Piezoelectric ceramic resonators and resonator units for frequency control and selection - Chapter I: Standard values and con

25、ditions - Chapter II: Measuring and test conditions IEC 60642-2 (1994-02) Piezoelectric ceramic resonator units - Part 2: Guide to the use of piezoelectric ceramic resonator units IEC 60642-3 (1992-03) Piezoelectric ceramic resonators - Part 3: Standard outlines IEC 61253-1 (1993-12) Piezoelectric c

26、eramic resonators - A specification in the IEC quality assessment system for electronic components (IECQ) - Part 1: Generic specification - Qualification approval IEC 61253-2 (1993-12) Piezoelectric ceramic resonators - A Specification in the IEC quality assessment system for electronic components (

27、IECQ) - Part 2: Sectional specification - Qualification approval IEC 61253-2-1 (1993-12) Piezoelectric ceramic resonators - A specification in the IEC quality assessment system for electronic components (IECQ) - Part 2: Sectional specification - Qualification approval - Section 1: Blank detail speci

28、fication - Assessment level E IEC 61261-1 (1994-03) Piezoelectric ceramic filters for use in electronic equipment - A specification in the IEC quality assessment system for electronic components (IECQ) - Part 1: Generic specification - Qualification approval IEC 61261-2 (1994-03) Piezoelectric ceram

29、ic filters for use in electronic equipment - A specification in the IEC quality assessment system for electronic components (IECQ) - Part 2: Sectional specification - Qualification approval IEC 61261-2-1 (1994-03) Piezoelectric ceramic filters for use in electronic equipment - A specification in the

30、 IEC quality assessment system for electronic components (IECQ) - Part 2: Sectional specification - Qualification approval - Section 1: Blank detail specification - Assessment level E IEC 61994-4-2 TS Ed. 1.0 B 1CD Piezoelectric and dielectric devices for frequency control and selection - Glossary -

31、 Part 4-2: Piezoelectric materials - Piezoelectric ceramics TC-87 Ultrasonics IEC 61088 (1991-09) Characteristics and measurements of ultrasonic piezoceramic transducers Specifies the essential electroacoustic characteristics of piezoceramic transducers for industrial application of ultrasonic energ

32、y. Also specifies the methods of measuring these characteristics. It has the status of a technical report. SC-47E Subcommittee 47E: Discrete Semiconductor DevicesIEC 60747-14-1 (2000-10) Semiconductor devices - Part 14-1: Semiconductor sensors - General and classification Describes general items con

33、cerning the specifications for sensors which are basically made of semiconductor materials, but also applicable to sensors using dielectric or ferroelectric materials. IEEE-UFFC The IEEE-UFFC is the Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control section of the Institute of Electrical and Electron

34、ics Engineers. The IEEE published some of the most quoted standards related to piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials, including176-1987 IEEE Standard on Piezoelectricity Description 180-1986 IEEE Standard Definitions of Primary Ferroelectric Electric Terms Both these standards have been withdraw

35、n by the IEEE although they are still available from some sources as a historical document.There are currently two active groups working under the IEEE-UFFC auspicesIEEE Subcommittee on Loss in Acoustic Materials: Standards on Characterization of Losses in Electromechanical Materials coordinated by

36、Dr Stewart Sherrit (JPL). The aim is to develop new ways of analysing loss through use of complex impedance and to write new IEEE standard based on the analysis. Details of this can be found at the UTMR website. A Draft of the IEEE standard on Ferroelectricity This is a definition of terms for ferro

37、elctrics and is being developed by SusanTrolier-McKinstry. There is a link to this at the IEEE-UFFC website but at the time of writing this was not working.US Military Standards The US military have specifications and standards relating to the supply of goods for use in defence, including the follow

38、ing standardMIL-STD 1376B (SH) Piezoelectric Ceramic Material and Measurements - Guidelines for Sonar Transducers This standard was cancelled in 1999. It is still widely referred to as the source of of the various Navy types for piezoelectric materials.There is also some standards development going

39、on at the UTMR although it is not clear what form these standards will eventually be published as.Committee on Standard Protocols for Single Crystal Piezoelectrics This is coordinated by Dr Lynn Ewart-Paine (NUWC) on behalf of Dr Wallace Smith - ONR and is aimed at producing a protocol for the calcu

40、lation of the dielectric constant and piezoelectric coefficients for piezoelectric single crystals. VAMAS VAMAS is the Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards and supports world trade in products dependant on advanced materials technologies, through International collaborative project

41、s aimed at providing the technical basis for harmonized measurements, testing, specifications, and standards. The pre-standards research activities of VAMAS are organized into technical committees called Technical Working Areas (TWAs) which are approved by the a steering committee and led by Interna

42、tional Chairmen. A recent technical working area, TWA 24 Performance Related Properties for Electro-Ceramics is chaired by Dr. Markys Cain, and there are a number of proposed projects in this area directly related to piezoelectrics.A new VAMAS project - An International Intercomparison of Direct Pie

43、zoelectric Coefficient using the Berlincourt Method., has just started. The objective is to determine the experimental variability in the measurement of the piezoelectric coefficient of electroceramic materials via the standard method described as the Berlincourt Method. See the TWA 24 home page for

44、 more details.The VAMAS TWA-24 home page is hosted at NPL. EIA The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) is a national trade organization that includes the full spectrum of U.S. manufacturers, representing more than 80% of the electronics industry. There are some standards related to multilayer capac

45、itors, includingEIA 521 Application Guide for Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors- Electrical Summary This document covers capacitor classes I-IV. Definition of important terms are included. Factors influencing performance as temperature, voltage (a.c. and d.c.), temperature-voltage, ageing, and frequency

46、 are discussed in detail. Other topics as piezoelectric properties, corona, dielectric absorption, reliability, and applications are described extensively.Standards organisations with no active content related to piezoelectric materialsANSI ANSI, the American National Standards Institute, is a priva

47、te, non-profit organization that administers and coordinates the U.S. voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. ANSI is the official U.S. representative to the International Accreditation Forum (IAF), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and, via the U.S. Nation

48、al Committee, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). As a result the most of the piezoelectric related work is already covered in the IEC standards.ISO The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies from some 140 countrie

49、s, one from each country. ISO is a non-governmental organization established in 1947. The mission of ISO is to promote the development of standardization and related activities in the world with a view to facilitating the international exchange of goods and services, and to developing cooperation in the spheres of intellectual, scientific, technological and economic activity. ISOs work results in international agreeme