国际化本地化测试I18NandI10N.ppt

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1、Internationalization&LocalizationCopyright 2000,SAS Institute Inc.All rights reserved.Jane Xue,GTD2,China R&D,APRD June 23,2005Objectives of the PresentationWhatThisPresentationISItprovidesdefinitionsofterminology.ItgivesbackgroundinformationaboutinternationalizationandlocalizationItidentifiesthehig

2、h-riskareasforNLStesting.ItgivesI18NandI10Nchecklist.WhatThisPresentationIsNOTItisnotanin-depthdiscussionofallpossibleaspects.Itdoesnotprovidesolutionstoveryspecificproblems.Questions about internationalization and localizationQ1:IonlyprovideEnglishsoftware,soIneednotdointernationalization?A1:No,eve

3、nifyoudidntprovidelocalizedsoftware,youstillneedtointernationalizeyoursoftwaretoguaranteeitrunsuccessfullyonNon-EnglishOS.Q2:Localizationissimple,youonlyneedtotranslatetheUItolocallanguage?A2:No,Translationisonlypartoflocalization.Q3:LocalizationtestingonlytotesttheUItranslationiscorrectornot?A3:No,

4、wedoallunitetestaswellassystemtesttoguaranteeallfunctionworkscorrectlyinDBCSOS.Part I:Basic conceptsInternationalization&LocalizationLocale&EncodingCharactersSets&FontTranscoding&TranslateTableBackgroundofUnicodeNLS TerminologyInternationalization(I18N):Internationalizationabbreviatedasi18n,becauset

5、hereare18lettersbetweentheiandthen.I18Nistheprocessofdesigninganapplicationsothatthefeaturedesignandcodedesigndonotmakeassumptionsbasedonasinglelanguageorlocale.Internationalizationalsoassumesthatthesourcecodebasesimplifiesthecreationofdifferentlanguageeditionsofaprogram.Onegoalofinternationalizatio

6、nistoensurethatinternationalconventions(includingrulesforsortingstringsandforformattingdates,times,numbers,andcurrencies)aresupported.Anothergoalistodesigntheproductinsuchawaythatuserswillhaveaconsistentlook,feel,andfunctionalityacrossdifferentlanguageeditionsofaproduct.NLS Terminology(Cont)Localiza

7、tion(L10n):Localizationabbreviatedasl10n,becausethereare10lettersbetweenthelandthen.Localizationistheprocessofadaptingsoftwareforaparticulargeographicalregion(orlocale).Translationoftheuserinterface,systemmessagesanddocumentationisalargepartlocalization,butnotallofit.NLS Terminology(Cont)Locale:Loca

8、leismorethanlanguage.Alocalereflectsthelocalconventions,language,andcultureforaparticulargeographicalregion.Forexample,PortugueseisspokeninBrazilaswellasinPortugal,buttheculturesaredifferent.Therefore,theyareconsideredtwodifferentlocales.Additionally,acountrymayhavemorethanoneofficiallanguage.Forexa

9、mple,Canadahastwoofficiallanguages:EnglishandFrench.Thus,Canadahastwodistinctlocales:Canadian-EnglishandCanadian-French.Somelocale-dependentcategoriesincludetheformattingofdatesandthedisplayformatformonetaryvalues.NLS Terminology(Cont)CharacterSet:Therepertoireofcharactersandsymbolsthatareusedbyalan

10、guageorgroupoflanguages.EverycharactersetincludesNationalcharacters(acharacterspecifictoaparticularnationorgroupofnations)PunctuationmarksEnglishalphabetNumbersControlcharacters(neededbythecomputer)NLS Terminology(Cont)Encoding:Anencodingmapseachcharacterinacharactersettoauniquenumericrepresentation

11、Aparticularcharactercanhavedifferentnumericrepresentationsindifferentencodings.Forexampletheisrepresentedas91intheDanishEBCDICencodingandas197intheWindowsLatin1encoding.NLS Terminology(Cont)Single-bytecharacterset(SBCS):Acharacterencodingwhereeachcharacterisrepresentedbyonebyte.Single-bytecharacter

12、setsarelimitedto256characters.GroupsoflanguagesarerepresentedinaSBCScharacterset.ExamplesofanSBCScharactersetaretheASCIILatin1andLatin2charactersets,whichrepresentthecharactersofWesternandCentralEurope,respectively.Double-bytecharacterset(DBCS):AtSAS,werefertotheAsiancharactersets(Japanese,Korean,Si

13、mplifiedChinese,andTraditionalChinese)asdouble-bytecharactersets(DBCS).DBCSisamisnomersinceindividualcharacterscantakeoneortwobytestorepresent.Amoreappropriatetermismulti-bytecharacterset(MBCS),whichisusedasasynonymforDBCS.IttakesaspecialbuildoftheSASSystemtohandleDBCSuserdata.NLS Terminology(Cont)U

14、nicode:Amultilingualcharactersetwhichcanrepresentcharactersfrommorethanonelanguagegroup.JavalanguageuseUnicodeencodings.TheMVAsystemuseseitheranSBCSencodingoraDBCSencoding.UCS2:Afixed-length,2-byteformofUnicode.UTF16:Aformof2-byteUnicodethatmakesallowancesforsomecharacterstobe4byteswide.A4-bytechara

15、cterinUTF16iscalledasurrogatepair.UTF8:Avarying-lengthformofUnicodewhereU.S.charactersareallrepresentedin1byte.Othercharacterswilltakefrom2to4bytestorepresent.UCS4:Afixed-length,4-byteformofUnicode.NLS Terminology(Cont)Transcoding:Theprocessofmovingdatafromoneencodingtoanother.Forexample,theLatin1en

16、codingforthe$is24hex.TheDanishEBCDICencodingfor$is67hex.IfdataisproperlytranscodedfromASCIILatin1toDanishEBCDIC(CP1142),thevalue24isconvertedtoa67.TranscodingcantakeastringfromASCIItoEBCDICorfromoneDBCSencodingtoanother.Trantab(translatetable):Atableusedtotranscodedatafromoneencodingtoanother.SASlan

17、guageelementsthatcontrollocalevaluesandencodingpropertiesautomaticallyinvoketheappropriatetranslationtable.Translationtablesarespecifictotheoperatingenvironment.NLS Terminology(Cont)Font:Fontdefinesthegraphicalrepresentationofacharacter.Thereisa1:nrelationshipbetweenacharacteranditsrepresentationind

18、ifferentfonts.Fontisasetofprintableordisplayabletextcharactersinaspecificstyleandsize.Thetypedesignforasetoffontsisthetypefaceandvariationsofthisdesignformthetypefacefamily.Inpractice,fontandtypeface(printfont)areoftenusedwithoutmuchprecision,sometimesinterchangeably.Quote“Insteadofwastingyourtimeto

19、teachFrenchtoyourcomputers,youdbetterteachEnglishtoallyourpersonnel.Amanagerofauniversitycomputingcentre(inthestoneageofcomputing).I18n goalsOnegoalofinternationalizationistoensurethatinternationalconventions(includingrulesforsortingstringsandforformattingdates,times,numbers,andcurrencies)aresupport

20、ed.Anothergoalistodesigntheproductinsuchawaythatuserswillhaveaconsistentlook,feel,andfunctionalityacrossdifferentlanguageeditionsofaproduct.I18n challengesSoftwareneedstofunctionproperlyineveryglobalmarket.Applicationsneedtoconformlocalconventions.Dataneedtobeprocessedsuccessfullyinnativelanguagesan

21、denvironments.Themeaningofcharactersmustberetained,acrossenvironments,andregardlessoftheencodingused.Languages and EncodingsDifferentlanguagesusedifferentcharactersinwriting.Veryfewuseonlythe26charactersAthroughZoftheLatinalphabet.Acharacterisrepresentedinacomputerbyassociatingitwithanumber,orbinary

22、code.Thesenumbersareuniquewithinaset.Thewholesetofsuchmappingsformsa“characterset“or“encoding”.Languages and Encodings(Cont)Hence,allcharacter-baseddatathatisstored,transmittedorprocessedisinanencoding.Manyencodingshavebeendevelopedtoaddresstherequirementsofdifferentlanguagesandcomputingenvironments

23、Problems with data transferAlthoughitiseasytotransferdatawithinanenvironmentusingthesameencoding(characterset)Itremainsdifficulttotransferanddisplaydatawithinenvironmentsusingdifferentencodings(charactersets).Problems with data transfer(Cont)Encodingsystemsconflictwithoneanother.Thatis,twoencodings

24、canusedifferentpositionsforthesamecharacter,orusethesamecodepositionfortwodifferentcharacters.Yetwheneverdataispassedbetweendifferentencodingsorplatforms,thatdatarunstheriskofcorruption.Quote“Inhindsight,whatwehavedoneisinventedacomputerCommunicationsTowerofBabel”.EdwinHart,ASCIIandEBCDICCharacterSe

25、tandCodeIssuesinSystemsApplicationArchitecture,1989.UnicodeUnicodeischangingallthat!Unicodebasicallyprovidesauniquepositionforeverycharacter,nomatterwhattheplatform,nomatterwhattheprogram,nomatterwhatthelanguage.UnicodeUnicodeisa16-bitencodingthatcanrepresentmorethan65,000characters.Itsolvestwomajor

26、problems,commoninmultilingualcomputerprograms:theexistenceofseveralinconsistentcharacterencodingsfontavailabilityfordifferentcharacterencodings.When the world wants to talk,it speaks Unicode Nr verden vil tale,taler den Unicode.Cnd lumea vrea s comunice,vorbete Unicode.Kiam la mondo volas paroli,i p

27、arolas Unicode.,Unicode.当世界需要沟通时，当世界需要沟通时，请使用请使用Unicode！Questions?Part II:I18N TestingWhyI18NtestingisimportantToptenI18NtipsMajorI18NIssuesCommonI18NMistakesHigh-RiskI18NoperationsSASproductionknownI18NproblemI18NCheckListI10NCheckListWhy I18N testing is importantCantsellaproductthatdoesnotwork!Not

28、onenewSASproducthasbeenfullyfunctionaloutsideoftheU.S.andWesternEuropeoninitialrelease.SAS World Wide RevenueWhy I18N testing is important(Cont)ImagineourrevenuepotentialwhenallSASproductsworkinallmarkets!I18Nisimportantforourcompanysgrowth.Astesters,weshouldtreatI18Nbugsasseriouslyasfunctionalbugs,

29、tousethestrategiesandtoolsthatareavailable,andtoverifythatoursoftwareisreadyforinternationalcustomers.Ifwedothis,wewillexpandourmarketandincreaseourproductrevenue.Top ten I18N tips1.DontassumealllettersofthealphabetfallbetweenAandZ2.Donthardcodestrings3.Donthardcodefonts4.Dontconcatenatestring5.Read

30、ingandwritingisfundamental(encoding)6.SortusingtheCollatorclass7.Displayingcomplextext(garbageeasy)8.UseComponentOrientationforGUIlayout(righttoleftwriting)9.UseDateFormattodisplaydates10.UseNumberFormattoformatnumbersMajor I18N IssuesTextMessagesFormats/ConventionsNumbersCurrenciesDate/TimePostalCo

31、desAddresses Some issues are simplerMajor I18N Issues(Cont)SymbolsandAllowedUsagesIconsMeaningofGraphicsMeaningofColorsWritingSystems,CharactersCharacterConversionLocalecustoms(forexample,humor,idioms,allusions)PoliticalIssueThatisthereasonwhywesaylocalizationtranslation Some issues are not so simpl

32、erCommon I18N MistakesAssumptionoftextlength:-hardcodedtextlength-hardcodeddisplaylengthAssumptionoffonts-hardcodedfontnamesAssumptionofLanguageStructure:-usingEnglishdependentLanguagesyntax(of,in,to,with,etc).-concatenatestringAssumptionoftextposition-hardcodeddisplaypositionCommon I18N Mistakes(Co

33、nt)Assumptionofvalidcharactercoderange-hardcodedrange-useof8bitcharacterconstantsAssumptionofdefaultvalue-hardcodeddefaultvalueInsufficientinternalbuffer-hardcodedbufferlengthUseofMACROvariablereference-hardcodedtextCommon I18N Mistakes(Cont)Storingexternalizedmessagesinapplicationdata-LanguageDepen

34、dentApplication-hardcodedmessageinapplicationOnlyexternalizingpartialitems-hardcodedtextbymistake-hardcodedkeywordsMisuseofexternalizeditems:-sharingsametextfordisplayandasprogramconstant-usingsametextindifferentcontextHigh-Risk I18N operationsFromaninternationalizationtestingperspective,severalsyst

35、emfunctionsandoperationsrepresentahigherriskforinternationalizationerrors.Yourcodesupportstheseareasdoesnotmeanthatyouwillhaveproblems,onlythereispotentialYoumayhaveinternationalizationproblemsifyourcodesupportsthefollowing:High-Risk I18N operations(Cont)YourcodesupportsNLScharactertypesSinglebyteen

36、coding(SBCS)Multibyteencoding(MBCS/DBCS)Widecharactersupport(WCS)UnicodesupportBIDItextsupport(bi-directional)High-Risk I18N operations(Cont)YourcodeacceptsmultiplecharactertypesNationalcharactersMathematicalandTechnicalSymbolsGeometricShapesPublishingcharactersBasicdingbats,suchassmileyfacesusedine

37、mailPunctuationmarksLongvariablecharacterstringHigh-Risk I18N operations(Cont)Yourcodesupportssorting,collation,orcomparisonResultsshouldbepredictable,suchasdescendingorderingResultsshouldbeinaculturallyexpectedorderYourcodesupportsfontsFontdefinitionisaffectedbylocale.Readfromalternateencodingintos

38、essionencoding,Readfromotherplatformsandapplications,ApplicationencodingsareconsistentwithSASencodings,suchasdatabasesgeneratedinOracleLatin2areconsistentwithSASLatin2codepagesHigh-Risk I18N operations(Cont)YourcodesupportsreadingexternalfilesUseoffilesgeneratedinotherapplicationsandcodepages.Readfr

39、omalternateencodingintosessionencodingReadfromotherplatformsandapplicationsApplicationencodingsareconsistwithSASencodingsHigh-Risk I18N operations(Cont)YourcodesupportwritingexternalfilesFilescreatedinalternateencodingsforstorageandusebyotherapplicationsonotherhostandoperatingsystems.Savefilesinalte

40、rnateencodings.SavefilesusingfilenamesthatcontainnationalcharactersSupporthierarchicalencodingprecedenceCreatefilesinclient/serverenvironmentsHigh-Risk I18N operations(Cont)YourcodesupportsdatatransferSharingofdatabetweentwodifferentSASsessionsorapplications.Client/Serverenvironment,suchasSAS/Sharea

41、ndConnectinaMVS/Windowsenvironment.Localetolocaleenvironment,suchastwodifferentSASsessionswithdifferentlocalesettings.Transferdataandapplicationsfromoneplatformtoanother,suchaswritingaSASapplicationwithChinesecharactersandexpectingittoruninJapaneseSASsession.Cutandpastenationalcharactersbetweenappli

42、cationsHigh-Risk I18N operations(Cont)YourcodedisplaystextProblemsoccurwhenStringlengthsarehardcodedDisplaylengthsarehardcodedDisplaypositionsarehardcodedKeyworduseanddependencyishardcodedInternalbufferstorageisinsufficientMACROvariablesareused(sameashardcodedtext)TextissharedformultiplepurposesLang

43、uageandsentencestructurearenotflexibleAssumptionsofvalidcharactercodepagerangesaremadeHigh-Risk I18N operations(Cont)YourcodedisplaysdatathroughaGUIinterfaceCheckboxesandmenussupportlanguagescriptsSystemautowrapperssupportmulti-bytecharacterssplittingcorrectlyDisplayoperatingsystemstringswithspecial

44、characterscorrectlyLinefeedpositionconsiderationforsplittingwords,especiallydoublebytecharactersConsistentUserInterfacelookandfeelWindowscrollbaravailabilityforusewithlongtextdisplaySpacingconsiderationsforboxes,radiostoavoidwidgetoverwrapsHigh-Risk I18N operations(Cont)Yourcodesupportsfeaturessusce

45、ptibletoculturedefinitionandappropriatenessSystemmeasurements,suchasmetricsCalendarDate/timeformatsandinformatsAddressformatsTelephonenumberformatNumbersCurrencyPapersizeHigh-Risk I18N operations(Cont)YourproductwasdevelopedwithSASandneedstooperatewhenthelocaledynamicallychangesForexample,changingth

46、eregionalsettingsinaWindowsenvironmentandtestingtheresultsinanapplicationgeneratedbyAppDevStudio.TestingSASapplicationsneedtoconsider:LanguageKeyboardlayoutOutputtextlayoutCharacterclassificationSortingandcollationrulesDefaultpageandlinesizesLocalesensitiveparameter,i.e.addressformatSystemoperations

47、suchasbeepsandmeasurementsSAS production known I18N problemMnemonicProblemsDonotseparateamnemonicasasinglepropertyitemDonotaddmnemonicunderbarsignatthefirstoccurenceofaspecifiedcharacterinastringDonotaddmnemonicunderbarsignatspecificpositionDonotsharepropertyitemforUIstringhavingmnemonicandUIstring

48、withoutmnemonicSAS production known I18N problem(Cont)LayoutProblemsDonotuseAutoflowinlinefeedexample1,example2DonotdesigndialogassumingaspecificfontDonotdecidethecomponentssizeassumingEnglishoriginalmessageSAS production known I18N problem(Cont)InvalidPropertyFileDonotuseLatin1-specificcharactersin

49、JavaPropertyfilesDonotuseUnicode-escapecharactersinJavaPropertyfilesDonotexternalizeuntranslatablestringlikeSASoptiontoJavaPropertyfilesTranslatecommentsisnotclearinJavaPropertyfilesSAS production known I18N problem(Cont)Locale-dependantProblemsNLDATEformatmustbeselectableDate-timedisplayinUImustbel

50、ocalizedaspossibleCalendarmustbelocalizableDonotcomposeUItextinprogramSAS production known I18N problem(Cont)Encoding-dependantProblemsAddcorrectencodingtagtoXMLAddcorrectencodingtodatasetAddcorrectencodingtologfileI18N check listGoodI18NiskeytoreducingcostofL10NandtimetomarketWithI18Ntest,Weshouldm