2022-2023年考博英语-国防科技大学模拟考试题含答案解析第30期.docx

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1、2022-2023年考博英语-国防科技大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Scientists generally agree that the Earths climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years _ it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.问题1选项A.as long asB.as much asC.as well asD.as higher as【答案】B【解析】考查比较级用法。A项as long as表示“只要，和一样长”，B项as much as表示“差不

2、多，和一样多”，C项as well as表示“也，和一样”，D项as higher as表示“和一样高”。根据句子前后意思可知，空格处缺少一个表示比较的词语，被比较的对象是Earths climate will warm up（地球气候将上升），所以B选项最符合。句意：科学家们普遍认为，在未来的50年到100年里，地球的气候将会变暖，与冰河时代以来的2万年里变暖的程度一样。因此，该题选择B项正确。2. 单选题Many states in America have passed laws that say children cannot be enrolled in schools or day

3、 care unless they have been _ against tetanus, diphtheria, measles, mumps and whopping cough.问题1选项A.diagnosedB.concurredC.immunizedD.infected【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A项diagnose表示“诊断，断定”，B项concur表示“同意，一致，互助”，C项immunize表示“赋予免疫性，（尤指通过注射疫苗）使免疫”，D项infect表示“感染，传染”。根据unless（除非）可知，后面的句子表示条件，结合前面的句子children cannot be

4、 enrolled in schools or day care（儿童不能上学或上托儿所）以及后面的tetanus（破伤风）、diphtheria（白喉）等词，可知“使免疫”符合语境。句意：美国许多州都通过了法律，规定儿童不能上学或上托儿所，除非他们已经接种了预防破伤风、白喉、麻疹、腮腺炎和百日咳的疫苗。因此，该题选择C项正确。3. 单选题Bladder wrack, a tough, leathery brown seaweed, clings to rocks tenaciously.问题1选项A.grows underB.hides underC.sticks toD.yields to

5、答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A项grow under“在下成长”，B项hide under“在掩盖之下”，C项stick to“坚持，粘住”，D项yield to“屈服，让步”。句意：一种坚韧的棕色海藻，顽强地附着在岩石上。clings to在句中表示“附着”。因此，该题选择C项。4. 单选题Brought up in a democratic atmosphere, the student was shocked by the _ and narrowness expressed by several of his classmates.问题1选项A.indecisivenessB.bi

6、gotryC.callusD.calumny【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A项indecisiveness表示“犹豫不定”，B项bigotry表示“偏执，顽固”，C项callus表示“愈合组织，老茧”，D项calumny表示“诽谤，中伤”。根据句子可知，空格处和narrowness（狭隘）为并列成分，因此，四个选项中只有“偏执”符合语境。句意：在民主的环境中长大的这个学生对他的几个同学表现出的偏执和狭隘感到震惊。因此，该题选择B项正确。5. 单选题There is no doubt _ the company has made the right decision on the sale p

7、roject.问题1选项A.whyB.thatC.whetherD.when【答案】B【解析】考查固定句型。A项why为疑问副词，表示“为什么”；B项that为关系代词，可指代某人或某物；C项whether为疑问副词，表示“是否”；D项when为疑问副词，表示“何时”。根据句子可知，there is no doubt that为固定句型，表示“毫无疑问”。句意：毫无疑问，公司在销售项目上做出了正确的决定。因此，该题选择B项正确。6. 单选题Janet _ her sister for eavesdropping on her phone calls. “Stay out of my love

8、life,” she chided.问题1选项A.upbraidedB.begrudgedC.underlinedD.grilled【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项“责骂”，B项“嫉妒”，C项“强调”，D项“盘问；审问”。结合句意：Janet 姐姐偷听她的电话。“别插手我的爱情生活，”她斥责道。所以选A项。7. 单选题As a child, time used to move as slowly as lightning bugs drift in the summer evening skies, but as an adult, time is_. 问题1选项A.transmittin

9、gB.peripateticC.nomadicD.ephemeral【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项“传送；输送”，B项“巡回工作的；流动的”，C项“游牧的”，D项“短暂的”。根据题干中的but，可知前后为对比，结合句意：小时候，时间总是像夏天傍晚天空中的闪电虫一样缓慢移动，但成年后，时间是 。因此选D项。8. 单选题Nearly two thousand years have passed since a census decreed by Caesar Augustus become part of the greatest story ever told. Many things

10、have changed in the intervening years. The hotel industry worries more about overbuilding than overcrowding, and if they had to meet an unexpected influx, few inns would have a manager to accommodate the weary guests. Now it is the census taker that does the traveling in the fond hope that a highly

11、mobile population will stay long enough to get a good sampling. Methods of gathering, recording, and evaluating information have presumably been improved a great deal. And where then it was the modest purpose of Rome to obtain a simple head count as an adequate basis for levying taxes, now batteries

12、 of complicated statistical series furnished by governmental agencies and private organizations are eagerly scanned and interpreted by sages and seers to get a clue to future events. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the relia

13、bility of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable differences of opinion. They were aired at the celebration of the 125th anniversary of the American Statistical Association. There was the thought that business forecasting might Well be on its way from an art to a science, and some

14、speakers talked about newfangled computers and high-falutin mathematical system in terms of excitement and endearment which we, at least in our younger years when these things mattered, would have associated more readily with the description of a fair maiden. But others pointed to the deplorable rec

15、ord of highly esteemed forecasts and forecasters with a batting average below that of the Mets, and the President-elect of the Association cautioned that “high powered statistical methods are usually in order where the facts are crude and inadequate, the exact contrary of what crude and inadequate s

16、tatisticians assume.” We left his birthday party somewhere between hope and despair and with the conviction, not really newly acquired, that proper statistical methods applied to ascertainable facts have their merits in economic forecasting as long as neither forecaster nor public is deluded into mi

17、staking the delineation of probabilities and trends for a prediction of certainties of mathematical exactitude.43. Taxation in Roman days apparently was based on _.44. The American Statistical Association _.45. The message the author wishes the reader to get is _.46 The “greatest story ever told” re

18、ferred to in the passage is the story of _.问题1选项A.wealthB.mobilityC.populationD.census takers问题2选项A.is converting statistical study from an art to a scienceB.has an excellent record in business forecastingC.is neither hopeful nor pessimisticD.speaks with mathematical exactitude问题3选项A.statisticians h

19、ave not advanced since the days of the RomanB.statistics is not as yet a scienceC.statisticians love their machineD.computer is hopeful问题4选项A.ChristmasB.The MetsC.MosesD.Roman Census Takers【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A【解析】43.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“罗马时代的税收显然是基于”。文章第六句指出And where then it was the modest p

20、urpose of Rome to obtain a simple head count as an adequate basis for levying taxes（那时罗马计算人头作为征税的适当基础，目的很简单）可知，罗马时代的税收是基于人口，C项“人口”正确。B项“流动性”是人口的特点，D项“人口普查员”是普查人口的执行者，这两项都不符合题干；A项“财富”没提到。因此，该题选择C项正确。44.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“美国统计协会”。根据文中第六句开始讲的观点：now batteries of complicated statistical series furn

21、ished by governmental agencies and private organizations are eagerly scanned and interpreted by sages and seers to get a clue to future events. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecast

22、ing, there are considerable differences of opinion. They were aired at the celebration of the 125th anniversary of the American Statistical Association. There was the thought that business forecasting might Well be on its way from an art to a science, and some speakers talked about newfangled comput

23、ers and high-falutin mathematical system in terms of excitement and endearment（现在，政府机构和私人组织的一系列复杂的统计数字，由智者和先知人物殷切地浏览和解释以取得预先外未来事件的线索。圣经并没有告诉我们罗马的人口调查员是怎么调查统计的。至于我们当前更加关心的问题：目前经济预测的可靠性，意见分歧很大。美国统计协会125周年庆祝活动上，人们在大肆宣扬这些不同观点。有一种说法是经济预测可能正从文科转向理科发展。有些人兴高采烈大谈新型计算机和非常高级数学系统）可知，美国统计协会正把统计学从文科转向理科发展，所以A项“正把

24、统计研究从文科转变成理科”正确。文中提到But others pointed to the deplorable record of highly esteemed forecasts and forecasters with a batting average below that of the Mets（但也有人指出，那些备受尊敬的预测和预测者的平均成功率还低于Mets的糟糕记录）可知，B项“在商业预测方面有出色的记录”不正确。C项“不乐观也不悲观”文章没有提到，只提到了他们半喜半忧地离开协会。由最后一句that proper statistical methods applied to

25、ascertainable facts have their merits in economic forecasting as long as neither forecaster nor public is deluded into mistaking the delineation of probabilities and trends for a prediction of certainties of mathematical exactitude.（只要预测者和公众都不会把对概率和趋势的描述误认为是具有数学精确性的确定性的预测，适用于可确定事实的恰当统计方法在经济预测中还是有其优点

26、的。）可知，D项“以精确的数学说话”不正确。因此，该题选择A项正确。45.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者希望读者得到的信息是”。根据文中的描述：and the President-elect of the Association cautioned that “high powered statistical methods are usually in order where the facts are crude and inadequate, the exact contrary of what crude and inadequate statisticians

27、 assume.” We left his birthday party somewhere between hope and despair and with the conviction, not really newly acquired, that proper statistical methods applied to ascertainable facts have their merits in economic forecasting as long as neither forecaster nor public is deluded into mistaking the

28、delineation of probabilities and trends for a prediction of certainties of mathematical exactitude.（连统计协会的主席也告诫说高能统计法在实际材料原始和不允许的地方一般发挥正常。这跟低级的，不合适的统计员所假定的正好相反。我们怀着喜忧参半的心情离开周年庆祝宴会，怀着确实不是新近才有的信念，相信只要预测者和公众都不会把对概率和趋势的描述误认为是具有数学精确性的确定性的预测，适用于可确定事实的恰当统计方法在经济预测中还是有其优点的。），可知只要不把对概率和趋势的描述误认为是具有数学精确性的确定性预测，

29、那么统计法在经济预测中就有它的贡献，从中我们可以推知，统计学还不是一门科学（理科），所以B项“统计学还不是一门科学”正确。A项“统计学家从罗马时代起就没有进步”和C项“统计学家喜欢他们的计算机”没有提到过。D项“电脑是有希望的”，文中只讲了有些人怀着兴高采烈的心情大讲新型计算机和非常高级数学“系统”，暗示了计算机大有希望，但不是所有人都这样认为的。因此，该题选择B项正确。46.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“本文中提到的有史以来最伟大的故事是的故事”。根据题干定位到文章第一句话Nearly two thousand years have passed since a cens

30、us decreed by Caesar Augustus become part of the greatest story ever told.（自从凯撒奥古斯都下令进行的人口普查成为有史以来最伟大的故事的一部分以来，已经过去了近两千年），其中提到了凯撒奥古斯都颁布的征税法令，而这个故事是被基督徒称为圣诞故事的经文，所以这是圣诞节的故事，A项“圣诞节”正确。B项“the Mets”、C项“摩西”和D项“罗马人口普查员”都不正确。因此，该题选择A项正确。9. 单选题That student is discourteous; he grumbles no matter how one trie

31、s to please him.问题1选项A.gigglesB.scoldsC.complainsD.sneers【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A项giggle“咯咯地笑，傻笑”，B项scold“骂，责骂”，C项complain“抱怨，控诉”，D项sneer“嘲笑，冷笑”。句意：那个学生很无礼，不管别人怎么讨好他，他总是发牢骚。根据句意可知，grumble在句中表示“发牢骚”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是C项。因此，该题选择C项。10. 翻译题People cannot live apart from nature; that is the first principle of the con

32、servationists. And yet, people cannot live in nature without changing it. But this is true of all creatures; they depend upon nature, and they change it. What we call nature is, in a sense, the sum of the changes made by all the various creatures and natural forces in their intricate actions and inf

33、luences upon each other and upon their places. Because of the woodpeckers, nature is different from what it would be without them. It is different also because of the borers and ants that live in tree trunks, and because of the bacteria that live in the soil under the tree. The making of these diffe

34、rences is the making of the world.Some of the changes made by wild creatures we would call beneficent. Beavers are famous for making ponds that turn into fertile meadows; trees and prairie grasses build soil. But sometimes, too, we would call natural changes destructive. According to early witnesses

35、 for instance, large areas around Kentucky salt licks were severely tramped and eroded by the great herds of hoofed animals that gathered there. The buffalo “streets” through hilly country were so hollowed out by hoofwear and erosion that they remain visible almost two centuries after the disappear

36、ance of the buffalo. And so it can hardly be expected that humans would not change nature. Humans, like all other creatures, must make a difference; otherwise they cannot live. But unlike other creatures, they must make a choice as to the kind and of the difference they make. If they choose to make

37、too small a difference they diminish their humanity. If they choose to make too great a difference they diminish nature, and narrow their subsequent choices; ultimately, they diminish or destroy themselves. Nature, then, is not only our source but also our limit and measure.【答案】参考译文：人类的生存离不开大自然，这是生态

38、环境保护者的第一原则。然而，人类不可能在大自然中生存而不改变它。不过，这对所有生物来说都是如此，它们依赖自然且改变它。在某种意义上，我们把大自然称为各种各样的生物和大自然力量在自己复杂的活动、相互影响以及对生活环境的影响中引起的变化的全部。因为啄木鸟的存在，所以大自然不同于没有啄木鸟的大自然会呈现的样子。大自然也因为生活于树干的钻蛀虫和蚂蚁，以及生活在树下泥土中的细菌而不同。这些差异的形成就是世界的形成。我们会把野生生物引起的一些变化称为是有益的：海狸因为把池塘变成肥沃草地而出名，树木和牧场草地构建了土壤。不过，我们有时会把大自然的变化称为有害的。例如，据早期目击者称，肯塔基州盐碱地周围大部分

39、区域被聚集在那里的成群的有蹄类动物严重践踏和损坏。穿过丘陵地带的水牛“街道”被严重磨损和侵蚀，以至于它们（即水牛“街道”）在水牛消失后差不多两个世纪仍然看得见。因此，期望人类不会改变大自然几乎是不可能的。与所有其它生物一样，人类必须对大自然产生影响；否则他们就不能生存。不过，与其它生物不一样的是人类必须对于自己产生的影响的种类和规模做出选择。如果人类选择产生一个太小的影响，那么他们就会使自身数量减少。如果人类选择产生一个太大的影响，那么他们就会使大自然变小，从而使自己的选择范围缩小；最后他们会使自身数量减少或毁掉自身。因此，大自然不仅是我们人类生存的资源，并且还是我们人类生存的界限和标杆。11

40、 单选题He was very plucky in dealing with the intruders.问题1选项A.timidB.braveC.shyD.nervous【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项timid“胆小的，羞怯的”，B项brave“勇敢的，无畏的，表现勇敢的”，C项shy“害羞的，畏缩的”，D项nervous“神经的，紧张不安的”。句意：他在对付闯入者时非常勇敢。根据句意可知，plucky在句中表示“勇敢”。因此，该题选择B项。12. 单选题Then came the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacec

41、raft Voyage 2, and within days, Europa was transformedin our perception, at leastinto one of the solar systems most intriguing worlds.问题1选项A.changingB.perfectC.visibleD.fascinating【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项changing“变化的，发展的”，B项perfect“完美的，最好的”，C项visible“明显的，看得见的”，D项fascinating“迷人的，吸引人的”。句意：然后是探测飞船“航行2号”获得的特

42、写图像，在几天之内，至少在我们看来，木卫二就变成了太阳系中最迷人的世界之一。intriguing在句中表示“迷人的”。因此，该题选择D项。13. 单选题You have to have your library card with you if you want to borrow books, _?问题1选项A.havent youB.will youC.mustnt youD.dont you【答案】D【解析】考查附加疑问句。附加疑问句，即反意疑问句，指在陈述句后面对陈述句所叙述的事实提出的疑问。这个句子的陈述部分用的动词是have to，表示肯定，且是一个实义动词，所以反意疑问句应该使用

43、助动词do的否定，D项符合。A选项存在的前提是前面的陈述句里用了助动词have，如：You have done it, havent you?但是这个句子里面的have to是一个实意动词，A项错误。B项和C项同理，都需要陈述句里有will或must才正确。因此，该题选择D项。14. 单选题Ones chances of getting into college can be bolstered by writing an effective application essay.问题1选项A.boastedB.gratifiedC.strengthenedD.indulged【答案】C【解析】

44、考查动词辨析。题干bolstered“加强，改善”。A项“自夸；自吹自擂”，B项“使高兴；使满意”，C项“加强；增强”，D项“沉湎，沉迷”。因此选C。句意：通过撰写有效的申请论文，可以提高一个人上大学的机会。15. 单选题The word “sophism” has an unfavorable connotation and means arguing deceitfully, attempting to turn a poor case into a good one by means of clever but _ reasoning.问题1选项A.implacableB.queerC.

45、fictitiousD.specious【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项implacable“不能安抚的，难和解的”，B项queer“奇怪的，异常的”，C项fictitious“虚构的，假想的”，D项specious“似是而非的，外表美观的”。由means arguing deceitfully（意思是欺骗性地辩论）和turn a poor case into a good one by means of clever but _ reasoning（通过聪明但 _ 的推理把一个糟糕的案例变成一个好案例）可知，空格处填入D项符合。句意：“诡辩”这个词有一个不利的含义，意思是欺骗性地辩论，

46、试图通过聪明但似是而非的推理把一个糟糕的案例变成一个好案例。因此，该题选择D项。16. 单选题Ethologists are convinced that many animals survive through learningbut learning that is indicated by their genetic programming, learning as thoroughly as the most _ instinctive of behavioral responses.问题1选项A.stereotypedB.supersededC.transientD.incompat

47、ible【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项stereotyped“刻板的，老一套的”，B项superseded“作废的，被取代的”，C项transient“短暂的，路过的”，D项incompatible“不相容的，矛盾的”。句子前部分说的是“动物行为学家相信，许多动物是通过学习生存下来的，但这种学习是由它们的遗传程序决定的”，结合后面的instinctive of behavioral responses（本能的行为反应）可推，空格处填入的修饰词应该是“刻板的”，A项符合。句意：动物行为学家相信，许多动物是通过学习生存下来的，但这种学习是由它们的遗传程序决定的，学习就像最刻板的本能行为反应