雅思写作第三节课课堂讲义.doc

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1、PART TASK2 大作文 第一章 雅思大作文概述1.1 Task2 简介For Task 2 you must write a short essay, similar to the kind of task you might have to do for a teacher as a class assignment .The minimum number of words is 250. You should be able to present the solution to a problem, present and justify an opinion, compare an

2、d contrast evidence, opinions and implications, evaluate and challenge ideas, evidence in order to justify an opinion.两大题型：1.Argumentation 辩论型题目 90% 2.Report 报告型题目 10% 1.2 例题. You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Present a written argument or case to an educated non-specialist audience on

3、the following topic.As computers are being used more and more in education, there will soon be no role for the teacher in the classroom. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. You should write at least 250 words.You should use your own ideas, knowl

4、edge and experience and support your argument with examples and relevant evidence.You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Present a written argument or case to an educated non-specialist audience on the following topic.Recent years, the number of crimes committed by young people in major citi

5、es throughout the world is increasing. Discuss this issue. Give reasons and suggest some solutions. You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your argument with examples and relevant evidence.1.3 写作步骤WritingIntroductory paragraphThe introduction of a Task 2 answer should be

6、gin with a general statement or idea of your own that takes into account the key topic words or their synonyms. The last sentence of the introduction should include a thesis statement which shows the point of view or direction will be taken in the answer.Body paragraphs Body paragraphs each consist

7、of several sentences that are arranged in a logical way to develop a main ides. You can expect to write about 2-3 body paragraphs for a Task 2 answer .Each of these contains an appropriate connective word to ensure a smooth transition between paragraphs. This connective is then put in a topic senten

8、ce which is the main point of the paragraphs clearly stated in a sentence. Every sentence in the paragraph must be directly related to it. Try to develop every paragraph adequately. This may be done through the use of examples, explanations, details, logical inference, cause and effect or making com

9、parisons or contrasts. There are many different ways to organize your ideas for body paragraphs.The conclusionA good conclusion serves several purposes:It indicates the end of your essay.It gives your final thoughts and assessments on the essay subjects.It weights up the points in your essay and sho

10、uld strengthen your thesis statement.Do not simply repeat your opening paragraph. This appears too mechanical and superficial.INTRDUCTION General statement Thesis statementBODY PARAGRAPH 1Topic sentence including connective wordFirst supporting sentenceSecond supporting sentenceThird supporting sent

11、enceBODY PARAGRAPH 2CONCLUSIONFinal assessment with concluding connectiveProof-reading (about 2-3 minutes)In the last few minutes, you should check for obvious errors, such as spelling or grammatical errors. Be sure you have written what you intended and that there are no important ideas missing. 第二

12、章 雅思大作文写作攻略第一节 审 题雅思议论文的审题包含以下的两个步骤：一、对于题目中的关键词或词组，用下划线标出。二、试着用自己的语言重写题目中的信息内容。这两个步骤有以下两大好处：（1）使我们对题目有一个更为清晰的认识并把题目中的信息加以提炼。（2）使我们把原本复杂的内容变得简单明了，并为以后引言段中的重诉作好准备。让我们来看下面的题目：In some countries the average workers is obliged to retire at the age of 50, while in others people can work until they are 65 o

13、r 70. Meanwhile, we see some politicians enjoying power well into their eighties. Clearly, there is little agreement on an appropriate retirement age.Until what age do you think people should be encouraged to remain in paid employment? Give reasons for your answer.我们先来进行第一个步骤-划出关键的词或词组：In some count

14、ries the average workers is obliged to retire at the age of 50, while in others people can work until they are 65 or 70. Meanwhile, we see some politicians enjoying power well into their eighties. Clearly, there is little agreement on an appropriate retirement age.Until what age do you think people

15、should be encouraged to remain in paid employment? Give reasons for your answer.第二个步骤是用自己的话进行信息重组，我们可以把题目简化如下：Different countries and people have different retirement ages and there is no universal standard about this issue.我们再来看一个例子：The idea of going overseas for university study is an exciting pro

16、spect for many people. But while it may offer some advantages, it is probably better to stay home because of the difficulties a student inevitably encounters living and studying in a different culture.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.第一步骤：The

17、idea of going overseas for university study is an exciting prospect for many people. But while it may offer some advantages, it is probably better to stay home because of the difficulties a student inevitably encounters living and studying in a different culture.To what extent do you agree or disagr

18、ee with this statement?Give reasons for your answer.第二步骤：While going abroad for further study has many advantages, there are also some unavoidable problems that the students must face.通过这样的两个步骤的审题过程，我们对题目就有了一个清楚的认识，并且把相对复杂的题目简化为自己的语言，这样就为下面的构思和引言段的下作打好了基础。 第二节构 思审题过后，我们就要进行构思了。构思的主要内容是针对题目进行思考，考虑整个文

19、章的素材以及应该采取的结构模式。思考素材的三种方法：1 分类法 A= （B, C,）第一题： Some people think old buildings should be destroyed and replaced with modern buildings. Do you agree or disagree?Para. 1 Introduction 背景介绍，现在城市里老房子很多。人们对是否要拆掉有争议(There are a vast number of old structures in cities today. Whether they should be destroyed

20、 is a controversial issue.)。Para. 2 提出一些老房子应该拆，分论点可以写两点：比如老房子不安全 (unsafe)或者影响市容(spoil the cityscape)Para. 3 另外一些老房子不能拆。这一段可以写三个分论点，又可以用分类法，比如分成有特殊历史意义的老房子(buildings of historic value), 非常漂亮的老房子(gorgeous historic buildings) 和特殊的居民（special ethnic architecture）等等。Para. 4 Conclusion 结论： 有些老房子由于城市发展必须拆掉，

21、但是有特殊价值的不能拆，反而应该有效保护(should be effectively preserved)第二题： Some high-school graduates go to travel or work for a period of time before they go to study in universities. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of this practice to their studies in university.2 替代法 A （B, C,D）第一题: Some people think motorize

22、d flight was the greatest invention in the 20th century and it has the biggest impact on our lives. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Para. 1 Introduction 背景介绍，说现在飞机被广泛使用( are used extensively),但它到底是不是20世纪最伟大的发明人们尚有争议( is a controversial issue)。Para. 2 让步段，先承认飞机是一种很伟大的发明(Admittedly, motorized

23、flight was a groundbreaking invention in the twentieth century.),接下来举两点分论点支持就行，比如它促进国际贸易 (promote international business),促进文化交流 (international cultural communication)Para. 3 举反例，证明它并不是最伟大的发明( However, there were inventions even more influential than motorized flight.),比如computers, the Internet和auto

24、mobiles。Para. 4 Conclusion 结论： motorized flight 是20世纪伟大的发明之一，但是还有比它对人类影响更大的发明。第二题: Some people think stricter punishment for driving offenders is the only effective way to improve safety on the roads. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Para. 1 Introduction Para. 2 让步段 (Admittedly, giving drivin

25、g offenders stricter punishment contributes to the improvement of road safety.)Para. 3 举反例 ( On the other hand, there are plenty of other choices that can improve safety on the roads.),比如管理行人 (pedestrians),提高警察的工作效率，改善道路设备。Para. 4 Conclusion 结论： 只管理司机不够，需要整个社会的努力。3 裸奔法 TM STREEC Technology & Efficie

26、ncy (效率)Mind & Soul (精神)Society & CrimeTime & Space Rights & ResponsibilitiesEnvironment & HealthEmployment(就业) & Competition (竞争)Culture & PopulationMoney & Fun科技(提高) 效率头脑(对应) 精神社会犯罪 (严重) 时间(对应) 空间权利(对应) 义务环境(影响) 健康就业竞争 (激烈) 文化人口 (创造) 金钱(买到) 乐趣 TM STREEC Tech & Ef Envi & Heal Mind & Soul Empl & Com

27、p Soci & Crim Cul & PopTime& Spa Mon & FunRi & Resp第一题：Many people are optimistic about the 21st century and see it as an opportunity to make positive changes to the world. To what extent do you agree or disagree with their optimism? What changes would you like to be made in the new century?Technolo

28、gy, efficiency, rights, money, fun这些方面都明显是好的方面；而21世纪在soul （压力大），crime, environment, employment, completion, population明显都存在不好的方面。第二题：People today can perform the everyday tasks such as shopping, banking or even business transactions, without meeting others face to face. What effects will this phenom

29、enon have on individuals and society as a whole?对个人影响从 efficiency, money, fun这几方面很快就能确定。对社会的影响从efficiency, crime, employment 这几方面可以迅速确定。第三题：As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual wellbeing. What factors contribute to job

30、satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction of all workers? 影响员工满意度的因素可以从 efficiency, soul (stress) ,rights, environment, health, competition, money 等很多方面中选择论述。而雇主可以为改善员工满意度所作的事情则可以通过responsibilities, money, space, fun, culture(corporate culture企业文化) 等方面瞬间确定。Some people think

31、that universities should provide graduates with the knowledge and skills needed in the workplace. Others think that the true function of a university should be to give access to knowledge for its own sake, regardless of whether the course is useful to an employer. What, in your opinion, should be th

32、e main function of a university?其中 give access to是“让获得”. For its own sake 是 “就是为了 而”, regardless of 是 “不论”。第四题：教job skills 的必要性可以从 efficiency, employment, competition,和money方面选择2-3点论述； 教theories的一段可以从mind 或者technology方面快速解决。常用的雅思议论文的模式有如下三种：1雅思议论文模式一单边支持型在这种模式中，作者提出一个赞同或反对题目中论点的单方面观点，然后举出支持该观点的几种（一般

33、为三种）理由，有时还可以驳斥反面的观点来起到支持自己观点的作用。具体结构如下：Introduction:your opinion of the issue (agree or disagree)Main body:A、reason/support 1B、reason/support 2C、reason/support 3 (something you can support your opinion by refuting the opposite opinion)Conclusion:Summary of your opinion and reasons/supports2. 雅思议论文模式

34、二双边中立型在这种模式中，作者提出一个认为正方和反方论点都有其利弊的中立型的观点，然后分别论述双边的优点和缺点，最后达成一个平衡的结局。具体结构如下：Introduction:your opinion of the issue (neutral/impartial)Main body:A、advantages/meritsB、disadvantages/demeritsConclusion:Summary of your opinion and advantages and disadvantages3. 雅思议论文模式三分析解决型在采用这种模式时，有一个前提条件，即题目中提出一个社会问题或现

35、象，作者先提出自己对该问题或现象的看法，然后再分析其产生的原因和引起的后果，最后提出对该问题或现象的一些解决方法。具体结构如下：Introduction:Your opinion of the problem/phenomenonMain body:A. causes of the problems/phenomenonB. effects of the problems/phenomenonC. solutions to the problems/phenomenonConclusion:Summary of the problems/phenomenon and its causes, e

36、ffects and solutions针对具体的题目，我们在进行构思时，可以采用一种最佳的写作模式。让我们来看一些实例：Many people believe that women make better parents than men and that this is why they have greater role in raising children in most societies. Others claim that men are just as good as women at parentingWrite an essay expressing your point

37、 of view. Give reasons for your answer.题目的论述中提出，有人认为女性照料孩子要比男性好，而另一些人认为男性并不比女性差。由于男女处于对立且对等的地位，因此，这里的最佳模式应该是模式二：双边中立型。具体结构如下：Introduction:Both females and males have their advantages and disadvantages when they take care of the childrenMain body:A、womens advantages and disadvantages of raising child

38、renB、mens advantages and disadvantages of raising childrenConclusion:Both women and men can be good parents if they know how to avoid their disadvantages再看一个例子：The rising levels of congestion and air pollution found in most of the worlds cities can be attributed directly to the rapidly increasing nu

39、mber of private cars in use. In order to reverse this decline in the quality of life in cities, attempts must be made to encourage people to use their cars less and public transport more.Discuss possible ways to encourage the use of public transport.题目的论述中提出城市里交通拥挤和空气污染的问题，并将该问题归因于急剧上升的私人汽车数量这一现象，最后

40、有提出人们应该多使用公共交通，少使用私人汽车。因此，这里的最佳模式应为模式三：分析解决型。具体结构如下：Introduction:The fast growing number of private cars in cities has led to a lot of urban problems, such as congestion and pollution.Main body:A、causes of the rapid increase of private car numberB、some bad effects of this phenomenon, such as traffic

41、 congestion and air pollutionC、some possible ways to encourage people to use public transport instead of private cars Conclusion:Despite the rapid increase of car number and the problems caused by the phenomenon, we can take steps to curb the use of private cars and encourage people to use more publ

42、ic transport.最后，我们再来看一个例题：The mass media, including television, radio and newspapers, have great influence in shaping peoples ideas.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.题目中的论述是一个非常正确的观点，或者可以说，这是一个极不容易驳倒的观点。 正是由于这种情况，决定了我们只能采取第一种模式：单边支持型。具体结构如下：Int

43、roduction:Peoples ideas about just anything are greatly influenced by todays mass media, such as television, radio and newspapers.Main body:Aone aspect of the great influence of the mass mediaBanother aspect of their great impact on peoples ideasCa third aspect of the mass medias tremendous powerCon

44、clusion:Although the mass media have great influence on us, we should not be completely controlled by its manipulation总之，只要我们充分掌握了这三种模式，无论出现什么样的题目，经过审题判断后，我们都可以采用其中的一种模式来确定它的框架。“四段式” 还是 “五段式”好？“单边” 还是 “双边”好？大作文到底写几段，或者采取什么态度，在国外大学里并没有绝对固定的要求。衡量好的文章结构有两个主要标准： 能不能把问题讲清楚； 有没有操作性；经过长期实践，笔者认为“四段式”和“五段式”两

45、种结构都可行，双边中立和单边支持两种态度也都可行，但是对于考试实战来说，四段折中（双边）式的文章实战性更强。因为：1.四段式结构在考试时更容易写清晰，五段式在考生时间非常紧张的时候段与段之间的关系容易混乱。2. 考场里双边中立型比单边支持型更容易写。首先因为世界上很少有绝对黑或者绝对白的事情，而且很明显，世界上任何一个命题，正反两方面都写，比只说正方或者只说反方更容易写够250个单词。单边型在实战中最大的问题就是：对于一个水平一般的考生，要在40分钟内只写一方且写到250个单词以上是困难的。这是很多学生实践之后的共同体会。比如在剑桥出版的剑桥5当中，剑桥给出了4套Academic类（学术类）作

46、文题范文，其中有两篇是作为“an example of a very good answer” 来给出的（另外两篇是低分作文，作为反面教材）。一个明确的信息是：剑桥5这两篇考官写的高分范文用的都是双边中立型的，而且写的都是四段式。还有剑桥5里面两道 General Training 类议论文的范文，其中一篇范文写了6段，但是考官的评语明确说了这篇文章“ The paragraphing is not always logical” (分段缺乏逻辑性); G类的第二篇范文是五段式，但是如果仔细分析一下，其实最后一段（第五段）只是说了两句空话，喊了两句口号，在充实的议论性文章里完全是没有必要写的。结论：对于水平高的考生来说， “四段式”和“五段式”都是很好的结构。但是对于水平一般的考生，议论文的四段双边式在考场上更容易写好。而且最重要的是，剑桥考官自己写得范文多说都是四段双边式的。 “缩进式” 还是 “齐头式”？