2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷8附答案带详解.docx

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1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题The nutrition of a common-wealth （ ） the plenty, and distribution of materials conducing to life.问题1选项A.consists ofB.consists inC.is consistent withD.is composed of【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。consists of“由.组成”；consists in“存在于.”；is consistent with“与.一致”；is composed of“由.组成

2、句意：共同财富的好处在于有益于生活的物质的丰富性和物质分配。选项B符合题意。2. 问答题The answer lies somewhere in the realm of ideology, in European attitudes not just toward defense spending but toward power itself. Important as the power gap has been in shaping the respective strategic cultures of the United States and Europe, if the d

3、isparity of military capabilities were the only problem, the solution would be fairly straightforward. With a highly educated and productive population of almost 400 million people and a $9 trillion economy, Europe today has the wealth and technological capability to make itself more of a world powe

4、r in military terms if Europeans wanted to become that kind of world power. They could easily spend twice as much as they are currently spending on defense if they believed it necessary to do so. And closing the power gap between the United States and Europe would probably go some way toward closing

5、 the gap in strategic perceptions. There is a cynical view current in American strategic circles that the Europeans simply enjoy the free ride they have gotten under the American security umbrella over the past six decades. Given Americas willingness to spend so much money protecting them, Europeans

6、 would rather spend their own money on social welfare programs, long vacations, and shorter workweeks. But there is more to the transatlantic gulf than a gap in military capabilities, and while Europe may be enjoying a free ride in terms of global security, there is more to Europes unwillingness to

7、build up its military power than comfort with the present American guarantee. After all, the United States in the 19Ih century was the beneficiary of the British navys dominance of the Atlantic and the Caribbean. But that did not stop the United States from engaging in its own peacetime naval buildu

8、p in the 1880s and 1890s, a buildup that equipped it to launch and win the Spanish-American war, acquire the Philippines, and become a world power. Late-nineteenth-century Americans did not take comfort from their security; they were ambitious for more power. Europeans today are not ambitious for po

9、wer, and certainly not for military power. Europeans over the past half century have developed a genuinely different perspective on the role of power in international relations, a perspective that springs directly from their unique historical experience since the end of World War II. They have rejec

10、ted the power politics that brought them such misery over the past century and more. This is a perspective on power that Americans do not and cannot share, in as much as the formative historical experiences on their side of the Atlantic have not been the same. Consider again the qualities that make

11、up the European strategic culture: the emphasis on negotiation, diplomacy, and commercial ties, on international law over the use of force, on seduction over coercion, on multilateralism over unilateralism. It is true that these are not traditionally European approaches to international relations wh

12、en viewed from a long historical perspective. But they are a product of more recent European history. The modern European strategic culture represents a conscious rejection of the European past, a rejection of the evils of European Mahtlpolilik. 1.What might be the question raised prior to the first

13、 paragraph of the passage?2.What have made it difficult to redress the military imbalances between the United States and Europe?3.What does the phrase “free ride” imply here?4.What does the phrase “the transatlantic gulf” refer to?5.Why do Americans and Europeans think about power so differently?【答案

14、1.Europe may be enjoying a free ride in terms of global security, there is more to Europes unwillingness to build up its military power than comfort with the present American guarantee.2.Europeans have gotten under the American security umbrella.3.Europeans enjoy the statement of being secured by t

15、he United Stated.4.It refers that America was ambitious for more power.5.Because of their different historical experiences. 3. 单选题With the expansion of the company, the manager has so much work to do that a holiday for him this year is （ ）.问题1选项A.out of questionB.out of the questionC.beyond all ques

16、tionD.past question【答案】B【解析】词组辨析。out of question“毫无疑问”；out of the question“不可能”；beyond all question“毫无疑问”；past question“无可争辩”。句意：随着公司的扩张，经理有很多的工作要做，所以今年的假期对他来说是不可能的。选项B符合题意。4. 单选题The new media law that has sparked a furor in the country requires all broadcast and digital media to provide “balanced c

17、overage” and is seen by critics as an attempt to （ ）the press.问题1选项A.muzzleB.underpinC.sidestepD.reassure【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。muzzle “使缄默，封锁.的言论”；underpin “巩固，支持”；sidestep “回避”；reassure “使安心”。句意：在全国引起了轩然大波的新媒体法，要求所有广播和数字媒体提供均衡的报道，被评论家认为有可能带来言论受限等结果。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题The Cuban government released the American

18、 contractor Alan Gross on “humanitarian grounds” on Wednesday after five years of captivity, an American government official said, （ ） a potential thaw in decades of tense relations with the United States.问题1选项A.to pave the way forB.paving the way forC.paving the way toD.to pave the way to【答案】B【解析】语

19、法和固定搭配。根据题意，空格前一句提到的事情是空格后事情的原因，前后存在因果关系，所以空格中应该填入一个非谓语动词充当结果状语，选用动词的现在分词形式作结果状语，可排除选项A和D。根据固定搭配pave the way for“为.铺好道路，为.做好准备”。句意：为与美国几十年关系的缓解做好了准备。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题An emerging awareness of the costs of sprawl- and the role of government politics in facilitating sprawl- is transforming metropolitan ar

20、ea politics around the country. Elected officials from cities and inner suburbs; downtown corporate, philanthropic, and civic interests; minority and low-income community representatives; environmentalists; slow-growth advocates in the new suburbs; farmers and rural activists all are realizing that

21、uncoordinated suburban expansion brings needless costs. In Chicago the Commercial Club, an organization of top regional business leaders, has released the Chicago Metropolis 2020 report, an ambitious plan for meeting that areas myriad challenges in the coming decades. In Ohio elected officials from

22、inner suburbs around Cleveland are joining forces with farm preservation constituencies to push state growth management reforms. In Maryland a coalition of environmentalists (the Chesapeake Bay Foundation), business leaders and inner-city advocates are leading statewide efforts to curb suburban spra

23、wl and promote reinvestment in older established communities. In Missouri a coalition of eighty Protestant and Catholic churches is leading the fight to promote smarter growth in the Si. Louis area.These nascent coalitions reach past city limits and cross traditional constituency lines. The motivati

24、ons behind these coalitions differ. Groups that are driven by a concern for equity and the burden of concentrated poverty that cities and inner suburbs must bear push for tax reforms that would reduce fiscal disparities among jurisdictions. Coalitions concerned about runaway growth advocate curbs on

25、 sprawl and try to direct infrastructure investment to older established areas. Both kinds of coalitions seek metropolitan collaboration to solve such cross-jurisdictional problems as transportation, environmental quality, water treatment, and work force and economic development. These reforms are m

26、utually reinforcing. Mayors who care about tax-base equity may find common cause with no-growth advocates in the outer suburbs. Environmentalists and rural constituencies pushing to conserve open space and farmland understand that a stronger urban core is in their interest. As one would expect, the

27、various coalitions encompass diverse interests that reflect the nature of their metropolitan areas.The new metropolitan coalitions are making a difference on transportation and land use issues. Leaders in Chattanooga, Portland, and St. Louis are choosing to repair existing infrastructure, invest in

28、mass transit, and preserve open space rather than to build more roads. In virtual revolt over congested roads, overcrowded schools, and loss of open space, citizens of outer suburban communities of such fast-growing metropolitan areas as northern Virginia and Seattle have pushed county governments t

29、o increase developer fees, scale back existing plans for residential growth, and buy land to preserve open space. Often, however, there coalitions find that power over land use, welfare, housing tax policy, and local governance is exercised in state capitals and Washington, D. C.Several states have

30、recognized the power of a new “metropolitics” and are pursuing a variety of policies to support it. They have embraced land use reforms to manage growth at the metropolitan fringe. They have begun to steer infrastructure investment and other resources to older established areas. They have restructur

31、ed taxes to pool resources among jurisdictions. And they have authorized new forms of metropolitan governance to handle such cross-jurisdictional issues as transportation, environmental protections, waste management, and economic development.1.The best title of this passage would be （ ）.2.What is th

32、e major problem with city development according to the passage?3.The coalitions may be concerned with all of the following issues EXCEPT （ ）.4.In paragraph 3, the sentence “The new metropolitan coalitions are making a difference on transportation and land use issues” means the new metropolitan coali

33、tions are （ ）.5.The success of the new “metropolitics” will depend a lot on （ ）.问题1选项A.The Rise of Metropolitan Politics in the United StatesB.City Development in the United StatesC.The Role of Coalitions in City Development in the United StatesD.Metropolitan Reforms in the United State问题2选项A.Confli

34、cting interests in cities and inner suburbs.B.Government policy concerning cities and inner suburbs.C.Irregular and uncontrolled spreading of suburbs.D.Unbalanced growth of various parts of cities.问题3选项A.poverty eliminationB.tax policyC.rejuvenation of inner citiesD.space exploration问题4选项A.turning a

35、 deaf ear to transportation and land use issuesB.taking part in the debate on transportation and land use issuesC.having an impact on transportation and land use issuesD.redefining transportation and land use issues问题5选项A.governance innovationB.jurisdiction participationC.land reformD.older establis

36、hed areas【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨题。文章第一段主要列举的大量的实例说明新兴的联盟正在形成。第二段主要提到了这些新兴联盟的任务和工作。第三段讲到了新兴联盟在交通和土地使用问题上发挥作用。最后一段主要表达了政府也开始关注这些社会上的新兴力量。所以正篇文章围绕新兴的联盟展开。选项C符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“farmers and rural activists all are realizing that uncoordinated suburban expansion brings needless costs.”，可知

37、农民和农村活动人士都意识到，不协调的郊区扩张会带来不必要的成本。所以城市发展的问题在于郊区不协调而不受控制的扩张。选项C符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“are choosing to repair existing infrastructure, invest in mass transit, and preserve open space rather than to build more roads.”，可知他们选择修复现有的基础设施，投资公共交通，保护开放空间，而不是修建更多的道路。可判断出他们关心的问题是关于保留空间，而不是空间的探索利用。选项D符合题意。4.细节理解题。根

38、据文章第三段，“Leaders in Chattanooga, Portland, and St. Louis are choosing to repair existing infrastructure, invest in mass transit, and preserve open space rather than to build more roads.”，列举了查塔努加、波特兰和圣路易斯的领导人在交通和土地方面的措施，进一步说明了新城市联盟对交通和土地利用问题方面产生影响。选项C符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“Several states have recogniz

39、ed the power of a new “metropolitics” and are pursuing a variety of policies to support it.”，可知几个州府已经意识到新都市政治的力量，并正在采取各种改革措施来给予支持。然后下文继续列举并介绍了州府采取的改革和管理措施。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题The interconnection in the global financial system means that if one nation （ ） on its sovereign debt or enters into recession that

40、 places some of the external private debt at risk as well, the banking system of creditor nations face losses.问题1选项A.accountsB.defaultsC.bailoutsD.switches【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。account “认为”；default “拖欠，不履行”；bailout “紧急救助、跳伞”；switch “转换”。句意：全球金融体系的互联互通意味着如果一个国家的主权债务违约拖欠，或陷入衰退，导致部分外部私人债务也面临风险，债权国的银行体系将面临损失。

41、选项B符合题意。8. 单选题In a world food system that they have described in the book, food （ ） transported at reasonable cost and produced anywhere in the world is actually or potentially available to any person with the means to purchase it.问题1选项A.can beB.to beC.that can beD.being【答案】C【解析】语法题。根据题意，句子的主语是food，

42、谓语动词是is，所以空格部分应该填入非谓语动词或从句。选项A可排除。动词不定式表将来，-ing分词表现在进行。空格中填入的动词形式体现一般现在时态即可。所以that 引导定语从句，从句构成被动语态。选项C符合题意。9. 单选题A number of developments combined to destroy the monetary system, leading to a crisis in which the collapse of one countrys economy and currency - in a modern version of the commercial do

43、mino theory - leads to fiscal （ ）that spreads uncomfortably around the world, wreaking havoc on global capitalism.问题1选项A.contaminationB.contagionC.inflammationD.inflation【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。contamination “污染”；contagion “传染”；inflammation “发炎”；inflation “膨胀”。句意：根据现代版本的多米诺骨牌效应，一个国家的经济和财政的变化将会影响全球，并对全球资本主义造

44、成严重破坏。选项B符合题意。10. 单选题The business is both highly cyclical and （ ） as price information about transactions may not be publicized; and when it is, it can be misleading.问题1选项A.privateB.slackC.opaqueD.redundant【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。private “私有的”；slack “松弛的，萧条的”；opaque “不透明的”；redundant “多余的，冗长的”。句意：这项交易具有很高的周

45、期性和不透明性，因为价格信息可能没有公开，可能会造成误导。选项C符合题意。11. 翻译题There are at least two ways of talking about contemporary cosmopolitan cultures. The first is to suggest that cosmopolitan cultures are the depthless commercial pleasures of the increasingly placeless capitalist elite. In this view, cosmopolitan culture is

46、 aligned with a postmodern culture that involves the visual and sensual pleasures of global cities. Hollywood cinema, Madonna CDs and Australian wine. This builds upon a prejudice of certain aspects of left thinking that presumes that if one moves outside the boundaries of the nation it is to wallow

47、 in a privileged and irresponsible detachment. Such a notion of cosmopolitanism would tie a fast-moving placeless culture into the rise of a new middle and upper class of cappuccino drinkers. Here cosmopolitanism can be contrasted with the more local and national cultural definitions that are availa

48、ble to poor and working people. Such a view sets up a simple contrast between cosmopolitans and locals. Cosmopolitanism, on such a view, becomes the everyday currency of global capitalism, whose most obvious effect is the reinforcement of symbolic boundaries between social classes.However, the second version o