2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷41附答案带详解.docx

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1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题President Barack Obama has been excoriated for declaring that “we dont have a strategy yet” for effectively confronting the Islamic State group. In criticizing Obama for taking too much time, Mike Rogers, the Republican chairman of the House Intelligence Com

2、mittee, told “Fox News Sunday” that “this dont-do-stupid-stuff” policy isnt working.” That sounded odd to my earlike we should just bomb somebody, even if it is stupid. If Obama did that, what would he be ignoring? First, experience. After 9/11 that sort of “fire, ready, aim” approach led George W.

3、Bush to order a ground war in Iraq without sufficient troops to control the country, without a true grasp of Iraqs Shiite-Sunni sectarian dynamics and without any realization that, in destroying the Sunni Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the Sunni Baathist regime in Iraq, we were destroying both of

4、 Irans mortal enemies and thereby opening the way for a vast expansion of Irans regional influence. We were in a hurry, myself included, to change things after 9/11, and when youre in a hurry you ignore complexities that come back to haunt you later. There are no words to describe the vileness of th

5、e video beheadings of two U.S. journalists by the Islamic State, but I have no doubt that theyre meant to get us to overreact, a la 9/11, and rush off again without a strategy. The Islamic State is awful, but it is not a threat to Americas homeland. Second, the context. To defeat the Islamic State,

6、you have to address the context out of which it emerged. And that is the three civil wars raging in the Arab world today: the civil war within Sunni Islam between radical jihadists and moderate mainstream Sunni Muslims and regimes; the civil war across the region between Sunnis funded by Saudi Arabi

7、a and Shiites funded by Iran; and the civil war between Sunni jihadists and all other minorities in the region: Yazidis, Turkmen, Kurds, Christians, Jews and Alawites. When you have a region beset by that many civil wars at once, it means there is no center, only sides. And when you intervene in the

8、 middle of a region with no center, you very quickly become a side. The Islamic State emerged as an extreme expression of resentment by one side: Iraqi and Syrian Sunnis who felt cut out of power and resources by the pro-Iranian Shiite regime in Baghdad and the pro-Iranian Alawite/Shiite regime in D

9、amascus. That is why Obama keeps insisting that the United States military intervention must be accompanied, for starters, by Iraqis producing a national unity government of mainstream Shiites, Sunnis and Kurds - so our use of force supports pluralism and power-sharing, not just Shiite power. But po

10、wer-sharing doesnt come easy in a region where kinship and sectarian loyalties overwhelm any sense of shared citizenship. Without it, though, the dominant philosophy is either: “I am strong, why should I compromise?” or “I am weak, how can I compromise?” So any onslaught we make on the Islamic State

11、 absent national unity governments, will have Shiites saying the former and Sunnis saying the latter. Thats why this is complicated. 1.Which of the following words is synonymous to the highlighted word “excoriated” in the first line of the passage?2.According to the passage, all of the following st

12、atements are FALSE EXCEPT （ ）.3.Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage?4.Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the whole passage?5.What do you think of the authors attitude towards Obamas policy on the Islamic State according to the passage?问题1选项A.excr

13、uciatedB.approbatedC.exfoliatedD.reprobated问题2选项A.Mike Rogers doesnt think that it is stupid that Obama didnt take actions to bomb the Islamic State.B.George W. Bushs approach to destroy the Sunni Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the Sunni Baathist regime in Iraq has actually helped Iran.C.The Isla

14、mic State beheaded two American Journalists had threatened the safety of American homeland.D.When a region is beset by many civil wars at once, there is center, no sides.问题3选项A.If Obama did destroy the Islamic State, he would ignore several issues.B.The video beheadings of two U.S. journalists by th

15、e Islamic State are just meant to threaten the United States.C.Obama insists that the United States，military intervention in Iraq must be accompanied by Iraqis producing a national unity government.D.The U.S. government needs to think over before taking actions against the Islamic State.问题4选项A.Obama

16、s Policy on the Islamic StateB.Conflicts in the Arab WorldC.Fire, Ready, Aim. Not Ready, Aim, FireD.Ready, Aim, Fire. Not Fire, Ready, Aim问题5选项A.opposingB.approvingC.neutralD.indifferent【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.词义理解题。根据文章第一句，“President Barack Obama has been excoriated for declaring that “w

17、e dont have a strategy yet” for effectively confronting the Islamic State group.”，可知美国总统巴拉克奥巴马因宣称尚未制定有效对抗伊斯兰国组织的战略而受到严厉批评。所以找出excoriate “批评，斥责”的同义词，选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句，“After 9/11 that sort of “fire, ready, aim” approach led George W. Bush to order a ground war in Iraq without sufficient troo

18、ps to control the country, without a true grasp of Iraqs Shiite-Sunni sectarian dynamics and without any realization that, in destroying the Sunni Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the Sunni Baathist regime in Iraq, we were destroying both of Irans mortal enemies and thereby opening the way for a va

19、st expansion of Irans regional influence.”可知9.11后那种“开炮、准备、作战”的方法使布什在伊拉克发动地面战争的时候没有足够的军事力量在控制这个国家，没有真正了解伊拉克什叶派和逊尼派的宗派动态，也没有意识到摧毁了阿富汗的逊尼派塔利班政权和伊拉克的逊尼派复兴党政权，我们就可以摧毁伊朗的死敌，从而为伊朗地区影响力的大规模扩张开辟道路。可推断出布什摧毁阿富汗逊尼派塔利班政权和伊拉克逊尼派复兴党政权的做法，实际上帮助了伊朗。选项B符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句，“ There are no words to describe the vile

20、ness of the video beheadings of two U.S. journalists by the Islamic State, but I have no doubt that theyre meant to get us to overreact”，可知伊斯兰国斩首两名美国记者的视频的恶劣程度无法用言语来形容，但我毫不怀疑，他们的目的只是让我们反应过度。所以目的不是为了威胁美国。选项B符合题意。4.主旨题。文章主要关于有效抗击伊斯兰国组织的策略问题，主要讲述了打击伊斯兰国的策略。9.11事件后策略上的不成熟导致美国陷入不利的处境，所以D选项的标题是对策略的一个完整概括和

21、总结，即准备-定目标-开战，而不是开战-准备-定目标。选项D符合题意。5.作者态度题。根据文章第一段，“That sounded odd to my earlike we should just bomb somebody, even if it is stupid. If Obama did that, what would he be ignoring?”，可知在我听来这很奇怪，就好像我们应该直接轰炸某人，即使这很愚蠢。如果奥巴马要摧毁伊斯兰国，他会忽略哪些问题呢?，可推断出作者对于奥巴马摧毁伊斯兰国的政策持赞同态度。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题Seller takes the view

22、that women who uncritically adopt philosophical conceptions of knowledge may find themselves saddled with consequences that are （ ） their perceptions of the world and their politics.问题1选项A.at odds withB.over the odds forC.against all odds withD.within the odds for【答案】A【解析】固定搭配。at odds with “意见不一致”，没

23、有B、C和D选项的搭配。句意：塞勒认为，那些不加批判地接受哲学知识观念的女性，可能会发现自己背负着与她们对世界和政治的看法不一致的结果。选项A符合题意。3. 问答题However, political scientists most frequently have argued that they must set aside both fortune and virtue, and instead focus on impersonal forces as the causes of international events. Their reasons for doing so fall

24、under three rubrics. First, many political scientists contend that individuals ultimately do not matter, or at least they count for little in the major events that shape international politics. Instead they argue that the roar of the anarchic system, domestic politics, and institutional dynamics dro

25、wn out the small voices of individual leaders. Second, other political scientists posit that although individuals may matter from time to time, their influence does not lend itself to the generalizations that political scientists seek. Simply put, individuals are too individualistic. Third, several

26、leading international relations theorists have raised a number of specific objections that they argue render the study of individuals theoretically hopeless.We believe that political scientists are simultaneously too modest and too arrogant in these claims. Too modest because political scientists ne

27、ed not throw up their hands and believe that they have nothing useful to say about the role of individuals in international relations. The theoretical objections raised over the years do not stand up under closer examination and should not prevent us from mining this rich ore. Too arrogant because t

28、oo many political scientists imply or assert that the impersonal forces on which they focus their attention explain the vast majority of events in international relations. In so doing, they marginalize the crucial impact of individuals on war and diplomacy and neglect they extent to which social sci

29、ence can tease out useful generalizations regarding the role played by individuals.It is time to rescue men and women, as individuals, from the oblivion to which political scientists have consigned them. This article is not intended as a comprehensive account of the importance of individuals-such an

30、 effort would require the work of many lifetimes-but it is intended to question scholars current assumptions about international politics and show the plausibility of analyzing international relations by focusing on the role of individuals.What is the impact of individuals on international relations

31、 What aspects of state behavior do they affect? Under what conditions are they influential? These are the questions this article seeks to answer. We contend that the goals, abilities, and foibles of individuals are crucial to the intentions, capabilities, and strategies of a state. Indeed individua

32、ls not only affect the actions of their own state but also shape the reactions of other nations, which must respond to the aspirations, abilities, and aggressiveness of foreign leaders. Of course, individuals matter more to international relations under certain circumstances. Individual personalitie

33、s take on added significance when power is concentrated in the hands of a leader, when institutions are in conflict, or in times of great change. Individuals also shape many of the drivers identified by other theorists, such as the balance of power, domestic opinion, and bureaucratic politics. These

34、 paradigms suffer when individuals are ignored.1.What is the main idea of the first paragraph?2.What does the author mean by “the roar of the anarchic system, domestic politics, and institutional dynamics drown out the small voices of individual leaders” in the first paragraph?3.Explain “Simply put,

35、 individuals are too individualistic” in your own words.4.What does “this rich ore” refer to in the second paragraph?5.Describe the major goal of the article in your own words.【答案】1.It aims to explain the reasons why political scientists ignore the imapct of individuals on international relations.2.

36、The author means that many political scientists believe that the anarchic system, domestic politics and institutional dynamics matter in the major events that shape international politics.3.It means people tend to be self-interested and only focus on their own benefits rather than overall interests.

37、4.It refers to the impact of individuals on international relations.5.The major goal of this passage is to draw attention to the role of individuals in international relations.4. 单选题She says the files she looked at werent confidential and were （ ） for consultation by any senior member of staff.问题1选项

38、A.free availableB.freely availingC.free availablyD.freely available【答案】D【解析】语法和固定搭配。根据空格前的be动词were可知，空格处的中心词应该是一个形容词。available “可获得的，可购得的”；availably “有效用地，可获得地”；availing为动词avail的现在分词形式。所以排除选项B和C。形容词前可有副词修饰，freely “免费地，自由地”，free “免费的，自由的”。句意：她说她看的文件不是机密的，并且任何高级职员都可以免费获得这些文件的咨询。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题There is

39、no doubt that dishonest or （ ）acquisition of information is usually overwhelming evidence that information was confidential and not part of the defendants skill and knowledge.问题1选项A.blatantB.surreptitiousC.suspiciousD.conspicuous【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。blatant “喧嚣的，炫耀的”；surreptitious “秘密的”；suspicious “可疑的”

40、conspicuous “显而易见的”。句意：毫无疑问，不诚实或秘密获取的信息通常是压倒性的证据，表明这种信息是机密的，不属于辩护人员技能和知识的一部分。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题The nutrition of a common-wealth （ ） the plenty, and distribution of materials conducing to life.问题1选项A.consists ofB.consists inC.is consistent withD.is composed of【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。consists of“由.组成”；consists in“

41、存在于.”；is consistent with“与.一致”；is composed of“由.组成”。句意：共同财富的好处在于有益于生活的物质的丰富性和物质分配。选项B符合题意。7. 单选题（ ）he was in the United States as student studying computer science, but in reality he was spying on Silicon Valley firms for Gun Dap Systems, his employer.问题1选项A.DisingenuouslyB.DiscretelyC.OfficiouslyD.

42、Ostensibly【答案】D【解析】副词词义辨析。disingenuously “不诚实地”；discretely “离散地”；officiously“过分殷勤地，非官方地”；ostensibly “表面上，外表”。句意：表面上他在美国学习计算机科学，但实际上，他是在为他的雇主Gun Dap Systems监视硅谷的公司。选项D符合题意。8. 翻译题Todays changed conditions for doing social theory have disturbed the original balance of trade between lay and expert socia

43、l theorists. Were we to compare, say, the end of the nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth, we would soon find two major differences in the circumstances affecting who think about social life and how they think. First, the number of people with ready access to a culture supportive of critic

44、al thinking has increased dramatically, especially after the hold of the European powers on their colonies came to a formal end, primarily during the 1950s and 1960s. Second, the people normally engaged in critical social thinking are no longer necessarily members of or identified with a dominant cl

45、ass of bourgeois intellectuals. Many of the new social theorists do not consider themselves bourgeois, and many are visibly not anything like the white, male advocates of European culture who wrote the first, best-known social theories. These two differencesone of number, one of kind make social the

46、ory today an enterprise largely, but not entirely, different from that of the nineteenth century.【答案】【参考译文】当今社会理论研究的条件发生了变化，打破了外行社会理论家与专家社会理论家之间原有的贸易平衡。比如说，如果我们比较一下19世纪末和20世纪末，我们很快就会发现影响人们思考社会生活和他们如何思考的环境有两大不同。首先，有机会接触到支持批判性思维的文化的人数急剧增加，特别是在欧洲列强对其殖民地的控制正式结束之后，主要是在20世纪50年代和60年代。第二，通常从事批判性社会思维的人不再一定是或

47、不再被认为是资产阶级知识分子的主导阶级成员。许多新社会理论家并不认为自己是资产阶级，而且许多人显然一点也不像那些倡导欧洲文化的白人男性，他们写出了第一批最著名的社会理论。这两种不同一种是数量上的不同，一种是种类上的不同使得今天的社会理论在很大程度上（但不是完全）不同于19世纪的社会理论。9. 单选题The full impact of the Internet revolution will only become apparent in the future, as more technological change is （ ）that can barely be imagined and

48、 hardly anticipated.问题1选项A.on a horizonB.on the horizonC.at a horizonD.at the horizon【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。根据固定搭配 one the horizon “即将来临”，排除A、C和D选项。句意：更多的技术变革即将到来，这几乎是无法想象和预料的。选项B符合题意。10. 单选题Non-violent direct action rubs （ ）of popular opinion in order to get itself noticed amid a sea of self-interest, apathy and day-to-day distractions.问题1选项