2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷78附答案带详解.docx

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1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题There are plans to give everyone （ ） insurance, allow leave from work for anyone with a sick child or elderly relative to look after, and enforce a seven-day wait for anyone wanting to buy a handgun.问题1选项A.afforded healthyB.affordable healthC.afforded health

2、D.affordable healthy【答案】B【解析】语法和固定搭配。根据空格前的give可知空格中应该填入形容词。afforded是动词afford的过去式和过去分词，所以排除A和C项。affordable “买得起的”，health“健康”，healthy“健康的”。句意：有计划给予每个人买得起的健康保险。health insurance “健康保险”，为固定搭配。选项B符合题意。2. 问答题The answer lies somewhere in the realm of ideology, in European attitudes not just toward defense

3、spending but toward power itself. Important as the power gap has been in shaping the respective strategic cultures of the United States and Europe, if the disparity of military capabilities were the only problem, the solution would be fairly straightforward. With a highly educated and productive pop

4、ulation of almost 400 million people and a $9 trillion economy, Europe today has the wealth and technological capability to make itself more of a world power in military terms if Europeans wanted to become that kind of world power. They could easily spend twice as much as they are currently spending

5、 on defense if they believed it necessary to do so. And closing the power gap between the United States and Europe would probably go some way toward closing the gap in strategic perceptions. There is a cynical view current in American strategic circles that the Europeans simply enjoy the free ride t

6、hey have gotten under the American security umbrella over the past six decades. Given Americas willingness to spend so much money protecting them, Europeans would rather spend their own money on social welfare programs, long vacations, and shorter workweeks. But there is more to the transatlantic gu

7、lf than a gap in military capabilities, and while Europe may be enjoying a free ride in terms of global security, there is more to Europes unwillingness to build up its military power than comfort with the present American guarantee. After all, the United States in the 19Ih century was the beneficia

8、ry of the British navys dominance of the Atlantic and the Caribbean. But that did not stop the United States from engaging in its own peacetime naval buildup in the 1880s and 1890s, a buildup that equipped it to launch and win the Spanish-American war, acquire the Philippines, and become a world pow

9、er. Late-nineteenth-century Americans did not take comfort from their security; they were ambitious for more power. Europeans today are not ambitious for power, and certainly not for military power. Europeans over the past half century have developed a genuinely different perspective on the role of

10、power in international relations, a perspective that springs directly from their unique historical experience since the end of World War II. They have rejected the power politics that brought them such misery over the past century and more. This is a perspective on power that Americans do not and ca

11、nnot share, in as much as the formative historical experiences on their side of the Atlantic have not been the same. Consider again the qualities that make up the European strategic culture: the emphasis on negotiation, diplomacy, and commercial ties, on international law over the use of force, on s

12、eduction over coercion, on multilateralism over unilateralism. It is true that these are not traditionally European approaches to international relations when viewed from a long historical perspective. But they are a product of more recent European history. The modern European strategic culture repr

13、esents a conscious rejection of the European past, a rejection of the evils of European Mahtlpolilik. 1.What might be the question raised prior to the first paragraph of the passage?2.What have made it difficult to redress the military imbalances between the United States and Europe?3.What does the

14、phrase “free ride” imply here?4.What does the phrase “the transatlantic gulf” refer to?5.Why do Americans and Europeans think about power so differently?【答案】1.Europe may be enjoying a free ride in terms of global security, there is more to Europes unwillingness to build up its military power than co

15、mfort with the present American guarantee.2.Europeans have gotten under the American security umbrella.3.Europeans enjoy the statement of being secured by the United Stated.4.It refers that America was ambitious for more power.5.Because of their different historical experiences. 3. 单选题An emerging aw

16、areness of the costs of sprawl- and the role of government politics in facilitating sprawl- is transforming metropolitan area politics around the country. Elected officials from cities and inner suburbs; downtown corporate, philanthropic, and civic interests; minority and low-income community repres

17、entatives; environmentalists; slow-growth advocates in the new suburbs; farmers and rural activists all are realizing that uncoordinated suburban expansion brings needless costs. In Chicago the Commercial Club, an organization of top regional business leaders, has released the Chicago Metropolis 202

18、0 report, an ambitious plan for meeting that areas myriad challenges in the coming decades. In Ohio elected officials from inner suburbs around Cleveland are joining forces with farm preservation constituencies to push state growth management reforms. In Maryland a coalition of environmentalists (th

19、e Chesapeake Bay Foundation), business leaders and inner-city advocates are leading statewide efforts to curb suburban sprawl and promote reinvestment in older established communities. In Missouri a coalition of eighty Protestant and Catholic churches is leading the fight to promote smarter growth i

20、n the Si. Louis area.These nascent coalitions reach past city limits and cross traditional constituency lines. The motivations behind these coalitions differ. Groups that are driven by a concern for equity and the burden of concentrated poverty that cities and inner suburbs must bear push for tax re

21、forms that would reduce fiscal disparities among jurisdictions. Coalitions concerned about runaway growth advocate curbs on sprawl and try to direct infrastructure investment to older established areas. Both kinds of coalitions seek metropolitan collaboration to solve such cross-jurisdictional probl

22、ems as transportation, environmental quality, water treatment, and work force and economic development. These reforms are mutually reinforcing. Mayors who care about tax-base equity may find common cause with no-growth advocates in the outer suburbs. Environmentalists and rural constituencies pushin

23、g to conserve open space and farmland understand that a stronger urban core is in their interest. As one would expect, the various coalitions encompass diverse interests that reflect the nature of their metropolitan areas.The new metropolitan coalitions are making a difference on transportation and

24、land use issues. Leaders in Chattanooga, Portland, and St. Louis are choosing to repair existing infrastructure, invest in mass transit, and preserve open space rather than to build more roads. In virtual revolt over congested roads, overcrowded schools, and loss of open space, citizens of outer sub

25、urban communities of such fast-growing metropolitan areas as northern Virginia and Seattle have pushed county governments to increase developer fees, scale back existing plans for residential growth, and buy land to preserve open space. Often, however, there coalitions find that power over land use,

26、 welfare, housing tax policy, and local governance is exercised in state capitals and Washington, D. C.Several states have recognized the power of a new “metropolitics” and are pursuing a variety of policies to support it. They have embraced land use reforms to manage growth at the metropolitan frin

27、ge. They have begun to steer infrastructure investment and other resources to older established areas. They have restructured taxes to pool resources among jurisdictions. And they have authorized new forms of metropolitan governance to handle such cross-jurisdictional issues as transportation, envir

28、onmental protections, waste management, and economic development.1.The best title of this passage would be （ ）.2.What is the major problem with city development according to the passage?3.The coalitions may be concerned with all of the following issues EXCEPT （ ）.4.In paragraph 3, the sentence “The

29、new metropolitan coalitions are making a difference on transportation and land use issues” means the new metropolitan coalitions are （ ）.5.The success of the new “metropolitics” will depend a lot on （ ）.问题1选项A.The Rise of Metropolitan Politics in the United StatesB.City Development in the United Sta

30、tesC.The Role of Coalitions in City Development in the United StatesD.Metropolitan Reforms in the United State问题2选项A.Conflicting interests in cities and inner suburbs.B.Government policy concerning cities and inner suburbs.C.Irregular and uncontrolled spreading of suburbs.D.Unbalanced growth of vari

31、ous parts of cities.问题3选项A.poverty eliminationB.tax policyC.rejuvenation of inner citiesD.space exploration问题4选项A.turning a deaf ear to transportation and land use issuesB.taking part in the debate on transportation and land use issuesC.having an impact on transportation and land use issuesD.redefin

32、ing transportation and land use issues问题5选项A.governance innovationB.jurisdiction participationC.land reformD.older established areas【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨题。文章第一段主要列举的大量的实例说明新兴的联盟正在形成。第二段主要提到了这些新兴联盟的任务和工作。第三段讲到了新兴联盟在交通和土地使用问题上发挥作用。最后一段主要表达了政府也开始关注这些社会上的新兴力量。所以正篇文章围绕新兴的联盟展开。选项C符合题意。2.细节

33、理解题。根据文章第一段，“farmers and rural activists all are realizing that uncoordinated suburban expansion brings needless costs.”，可知农民和农村活动人士都意识到，不协调的郊区扩张会带来不必要的成本。所以城市发展的问题在于郊区不协调而不受控制的扩张。选项C符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“are choosing to repair existing infrastructure, invest in mass transit, and preserve open space

34、 rather than to build more roads.”，可知他们选择修复现有的基础设施，投资公共交通，保护开放空间，而不是修建更多的道路。可判断出他们关心的问题是关于保留空间，而不是空间的探索利用。选项D符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“Leaders in Chattanooga, Portland, and St. Louis are choosing to repair existing infrastructure, invest in mass transit, and preserve open space rather than to build more

35、 roads.”，列举了查塔努加、波特兰和圣路易斯的领导人在交通和土地方面的措施，进一步说明了新城市联盟对交通和土地利用问题方面产生影响。选项C符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“Several states have recognized the power of a new “metropolitics” and are pursuing a variety of policies to support it.”，可知几个州府已经意识到新都市政治的力量，并正在采取各种改革措施来给予支持。然后下文继续列举并介绍了州府采取的改革和管理措施。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题Many an

36、institution has been set up to try and make sense of the inscrutable nature of us human beings, and although （ ）, it is only instrumental in showing how little we really understand.问题1选项A.an inroad has been set upB.the inroad has been set upC.an inroad has been madeD.inroads have been made【答案】C【解析】固

37、定搭配和语法题。根据后面主句中的it可判断although引导的让步状语从句中主语应该为名词单数，所以选项D可排除。又根据固定搭配make an inroad “取得进展”。选项C符合题意。5. 单选题The desire for friendship is always with us but we do not always have friends. In fact, the first thing that our own experiences, （1） many of the great philosophers, tell us about true friendship is

38、that it is very rare. A lot of our associations seem like friendships at first, only to weaken and disappear（2）. These lack what might be called the “prerequisites”. In trying to （3） what they are, we must begin by clearly distinguishing between relationships that are accidental and temporary and （4

39、 that are essential and enduring.Aristotle offers us substantial help here by pointing out that there are three kinds of friendship based on utility, on pleasure, and on virtue.The friendship of utility and pleasure go together and are（5） the most common. Everyone has experienced them. People are “

40、friendly” to their business associates, neighbors, the members of their car pool, and（6） casual acquaintances on trains, boats and airplanes. This kind of civility is, （7）, a form of friendship, the friendship of utility, of mutual convenience. （8）, people are “friendly” to their golfing partners, t

41、o others at a cocktail party, and to acquaintances who entertain them. This is also a form of friendship, the friendship of （9）, of mutual enjoyment. It could be argued that these sorts of friendship appear to be based upon something（10） reciprocal altruism: we are friendly （11） because cooperating

42、in the office is mutually beneficial in terms of （12）: we like to shop with friends because it is mutually beneficial in terms of increasing the pleasure.These low forms of friendship are not necessarily bad,（13） they are （14）. One of their defects （15） the fact that they depend on and vary with cir

43、cumstances. This is why they quickly arise and just as quickly disappear. （16）, when the Book of Proverbs says, “A friend loves at all times”, it is referring to （17） form of friendship that does not depend on circumstances. In order to go beyond the effect of time and accident, it must be based on

44、the inherent qualities of the individuals involved. A friendship（18） cannot be a passing friendship.True friendship, then, （19） (although it often includes) both utility and pleasure. For Aristotle, such a friendship must be based on a good moral character. Only in that way can it last. Further, it

45、must develop （20）, since it first depends on familiarity, knowledge, and theneventually mutual trust.问题1选项A.in spite ofB.exceptC.as well asD.besides问题2选项A.in timeB.on timeC.in no timeD.at one time问题3选项A.set downB.set upC.set onD.set against问题4选项A.theseB.thoseC.thingsD.others问题5选项A.in doubtB.no doubt

46、C.for doubtD.at doubt问题6选项A.suchB.theirC.evenD.the问题7选项A.in equal degreeB.to an extreme degreeC.by degreesD.to some degree问题8选项A.SecondlyB.LikelyC.EventuallyD.Similarly问题9选项A.utilityB.pleasureC.virtueD.trust问题10选项A.rather thanB.rather likeC.such asD.as such问题11选项A.in workB.in the worksC.at workD.off

47、 work问题12选项A.having done thingsB.getting things doneC.doing thingsD.getting things to do问题13选项A.thoughB.sinceC.butD.therefore问题14选项A.inadequateB.accidentalC.essentialD.temporary问题15选项A.results fromB.results inC.results toD.results by问题16选项A.By the same tokenB.By accidentC.By comparisonD.By contrast问题17选项A.a highB.a higherC.the highestD.the问题18选项A.having anchoredB.anchoredC.so anchoringD.so anchored问题19选项A.excludesB.includes