2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷71附答案带详解.docx

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1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Much as officials still say that China cannot carry the burden of international governance, they are （ ） the idea that it should sign up as a stakeholder in a set of rules made in Washington.问题1选项A.dismissive ofB.disincentive toC.disturbingD.dissipating【答案】A

2、解析】动词词义辨析和固定搭配。be dismissive of “不屑一顾”；be disincentive to “阻碍因素”；disturb “打扰”；dissipate“使驱散”。句意：尽管官员们仍然说中国不能承担起国际管理的责任，但是他们也会对这样的想法不屑一顾：中国在制定一套规则中成为利益相关者。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题If sanity and insanity exist, how shall we know them?The question is neither capricious nor itself insane. However much we may be p

3、ersonally convinced that we can tell the normal from the abnormal, the evidence is simply not compelling. It is commonplace, for example, to read about murder trials wherein eminent psychiatrists for the defense are contradicted by equally eminent psychiatrists for the prosecution on the matter of t

4、he defendants sanity. More generally, there are a great deal of conflicting data on the reliability, utility, and meaning of such terms as sanity, insanity, mental illness, and schizophrenia.Finally, as early as 1934, Benedict suggested that normality and abnormality are not universal. What is viewe

5、d as normal in one culture may be seen as quite aberrant in another. Thus, notions of normality and abnormality may not be quite as accurate as people believe they are.To raise questions regarding normality and abnormality is in no way to question the fact that some behaviors are deviant or odd. Mur

6、der is deviant. So, too, are hallucinations. Nor does raising such questions deny the existence of the personal anguish that is often associated with mental illness. Anxiety and depression exist. Psychological suffering exists. But normality and abnormality, sanity and insanity, and the diagnoses th

7、at flow from them may be less substantive than many believe them to be.At its heart, the question of whether the sane can be distinguished from the insane is a simple matter: Do the salient characteristics that lead to diagnoses reside in the patients themselves or in the environments and contexts i

8、n which observers find them? From Bleuler, through Kretchmer, through the formulators of the recently revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, the belief has been strong that patients present symptoms, that those symptoms can be categorized, and implicitly,

9、that the sane are distinguishable from the insane. More recently, however, this belief has been questioned. Based in part on theoretical and anthropological considerations, but also on philosophical, legal, and therapeutic ones, the view has grown that psychological categorization of mental illness

10、is useless at best and downright harmful, misleading, and pejorative at worst. Psychiatric diagnoses, in this view, are in the minds of the observers and are not valid summaries of characteristics displayed by the observed.Gains can be made in deciding which of these is more nearly accurate by getti

11、ng normal people admitted to psychiatric hospitals and then determining whether they were discovered to be sane and, if so, how. If the sanity of such pseudo patients were always detected, there would be prima facie evidence that a sane individual can be distinguished from the insane context in whic

12、h he is found. Normality is distinct enough that it can be recognized wherever it occurs, for it is carried within the person. If, on the other hand, the sanity of the pseudo patients were never discovered, serious difficulties would arise for those who support traditional modes of psychiatric diagn

13、osis. Given that the hospital staff was not incompetent, that the pseudo patient had been behaving as sanely as he had been outside of the hospital, and that it had never previously suggested that he belonged in a psychiatric hospital, such an unlikely outcome would support the view that psychiatric

14、 diagnosis betrays little about the patient but much about the environment in which an observer finds him.1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?2.What does the word them in the last sentence of the fourth paragraph refer to?3.The word pejorative could best be replaced by （ ）.4.Whi

15、ch of the following statements can best explain the last part of the passage?5.Which of the following would most likely follow this passage?问题1选项A.We can judge precisely what constitutes normality and abnormality.B.It is not easy to distinguish sanity from insanity.C.It is no doubt that some behavio

16、rs of human beings are odd.D.Settings where people are living have much to do with how we know what sanity is.问题2选项A.Questions from normality and abnormality.B.The diagnoses.C.Normality and abnormality, sanity and insanity.D.People.问题3选项A.peevishB.depreciatoryC.negativeD.meaningless问题4选项A.Psychiatri

17、c diagnosis doesnt inform people of the patient but of the environment where he is living.B.The patient isnt betrayed by psychiatrists but by the environment where he is living.C.Psychiatrists know more about the patient than the environment where he is living.D.Psychiatric diagnosis is likely to im

18、prove the environment where the patient is living which does little help to him.问题5选项A.Description of the experiment of putting some sane people in psychiatric hospitals.B.Argument against the difficulty of distinguishing the sane from the insane.C.Description of the experiment of sane and insane pe

19、ople in the same psychiatric hospitals.D.Argument for the difficulty of finding out who are real patients.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第二段，“However much we may be personally convinced that we can tell the normal from the abnormal, the evidence is simply not compelling.”，可知无论我们个人多么相信我们能

20、够分辨出正常和异常，这些证据根本就没有说服力。选项B可排除。根据文章四段，“To raise questions regarding normality and abnormality is in no way to question the fact that some behaviors are deviant or odd.”，可知提出关于正常和异常的问题并不能质疑某些行为是异常的或奇怪的这一事实。选项C可排除。根据文章最后一段内容可知，人们生活的环境与了解理智的程度有很大关系，选项D可排除。综上，选项A文中未提及。选项A符合题意。2.词义理解题。根据第四段最后一句，“But norma

21、lity and abnormality, sanity and insanity, and the diagnoses that flow from them may be less substantive than many believe them to be.”，可知但正常与异常、理智与疯狂，以及由此产生的分析调查，可能并不像许多人认为的那样具有实质性。可知them指代前面出现的normality and abnormality, sanity and insanity，选项C符合题意。3.词义理解题。pejorative “贬损的，贬抑的”；peevish “脾气坏的，易怒的”；de

22、preciatory “贬低的，轻蔑的”；negative “否定的，消极的”；meaningless “无意义的”。句意：越来越多的观点认为，对精神疾病进行心理分类，往好处说是无用的，往坏处说是完全有害的、误导的和贬低的。选项B符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“psychiatric diagnosis betrays little about the patient but much about the environment in which an observer finds him.”，可知精神病学的诊断并很少告诉病人的情况，而是更多告诉他们所生活的环境。选项A符合题意。

23、5.推断题。文章最后一段主要提到了人神智是否清晰与所处的环境存在很大的关系。可推断出下文可能会对这一话题进行进一步的阐述，可能会描述一个将一些神志正常的人送入精神病院的实验。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题Throughout the ages, （ ）a common observation （ ）certain diseases are associated with particular emotions and attitudes.问题1选项A.its . thatB.its.whichC.its been. thatD.its been. which【答案】C【解析】语法题。根据句子意思

24、可知空格应该用现在完成时态表示从古至今，选项A和B可排除。又根据特殊句型，it充当了形式主语，所以that引导真正的主语从句，that无实义，只起引导和连接作用。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题With the expansion of the company, the manager has so much work to do that a holiday for him this year is （ ）.问题1选项A.out of questionB.out of the questionC.beyond all questionD.past question【答案】B【解析】词组辨析。o

25、ut of question“毫无疑问”；out of the question“不可能”；beyond all question“毫无疑问”；past question“无可争辩”。句意：随着公司的扩张，经理有很多的工作要做，所以今年的假期对他来说是不可能的。选项B符合题意。5. 单选题This emphasis on an English tradition has come under continuous attack during the last twenty years or so; during their undergraduate training many young t

26、eachers of English will have discussed the assumptions that underlie such concern for our cultural （ ）.问题1选项A.inhabitantsB.heritageC.inheritorsD.hereditary【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。inhabitant “居民”，heritage “遗产；传统；继承权”，inheritor “继承人；后继者”，hereditary “遗传类”。句意：在他们的本科培训中，许多年轻的英语老师将讨论这些假设，这些假设是我们对文化传统关心的基础。选项B符合题意

27、6. 单选题Major exams are the bane of many a students life. They represent a one-off chance to scribble months or years of learning onto paper, and can make or break future career prospects. The trouble is that taking an exam at a time rigidly set by the academic calendar has never been an ideal way to

28、 determine competencethey may come at the right time for some lucky students, but not for many others.Perhaps it doesnt have to be that way. As teaching begins to move online, we no longer need to wait until the end of a course to perform assessments. Instead, computer software can assess understand

29、ing during the learning process itself by analyzing a students every mouse click and keystroke. So could we finally be able to get rid of the dreaded final exam?A better option is a system that allows students to advance at their own pace when they have mastered the material, says Julia Freeland, an

30、 education researcher. This is called competency-based learning, and it requires tailoring the educational program in a different way for each student. This is clearly something that teachers in a busy classroom may struggle to do. If course material is offered online, though, with the students inpu

31、t analyzed automatically by computer software, students can be assessed individuallyeven to the point that the software can identify when a given student is likely to perform to their full potential on an exam.Competency-based learning software is now being used both in high schools and in colleges

32、across the US, says Freeland. The Virtual Learning Academy Charter School in the state of New Hampshire is one prominent high school example.The idea behind the software is relatively straightforward. It takes information about the students activity on course websitethe pages they have visited and w

33、hether the student has verified that they have read a passage of text or watched a video, for instanceand combines it with data on the students performance on informal tests and quizzes to establish in real time how well the student understands a concept. When that understanding reaches a predetermi

34、ned level, the student is challenged with new concepts, or offered the opportunity to take a formal exam. Since this form of competency-based learning approach was introduced in some classes at Arizona State University, pass rates have reportedly increased. And Philip Regier, the dean of the univers

35、itys online arm, says there are now plans for doing “an entire degree adaptively”.Some firms push the technology further. Their artificial intelligence software analyses the data collected to constantly tweak the way it presents new information to the individual. Within a few weeks, claim their make

36、rs, these algorithms can even identify what time of the day a student is most receptive to lessons in a given subject.1.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that （ ）.2.Which of the following is TRUE about “competency-based learning”?3.The Virtual Learning Academy Charter School is mentioned in the pas

37、sage to （ ）.4.What is “the idea behind the software” in Paragraph 5?5.To which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?问题1选项A.taking exams makes most students nervous and stressfulB.sometimes major exams can determine peoples future career prospectsC.taking an exam at a time r

38、igidly set by the academic calendar is a fair way to determine competenceD.many students pass the exams because of their good luck问题2选项A.It is a system that allows students to improve their competency all by themselves.B.It would make teachers very busy in the classroom.C.It requires students to att

39、end class online, and thus they need not go to classroom any more.D.It requires making the educational program in a different way for each student.问题3选项A.show that the competency-based learning software is now being used both in high schools and in colleges across the USB.illustrate how a good high

40、school performs in competency-based learning and testingC.show how the competency-based learning software is designed by high schools and colleges across the USD.illustrate that the competency-based learning software is very important both in high schools and in colleges across the US问题4选项A.It takes

41、 information about the students activity on course websites to help to assess his competence.B.It more emphasizes informal tests and quizzes to know how well the student understands a concept.C.The student will not be offered the opportunity to take a formal exam unless he manages to understand all

42、the concepts in the textbook.D.Teachers must require students to read texts and watch videos on course websites.问题5选项A.We must get rid of the dreaded exams with the help of computer software.B.Since course materials are offered online, teachers need not care about students performance in the classro

43、om.C.Since the competency-based learning approach was proved successful in some cases, we should try to adopt it in more schools.D.We should try to develop new artificial intelligence software to collect the private information of teachers and students.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，

44、They represent a one-off chance to scribble months or years of learning onto paper, and can make or break future career prospects.”，可知大考代表着一个一次性机会，将几个月或者几年学到的知识草草地写到纸上，可能会毁掉或者成就一个人未来的职业前景。可推断出一些考试确实能决定一个人的职业前景。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“This is called competency-based learning, and it requires tailor

45、ing the educational program in a different way for each student.”，可知这种能力本位学习要求为每个学生定制不同的教育计划。选项D符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章第五段，“the Virtual Learning Academy Charter School in the state of New Hampshire is one prominent high school example.”，可知在基于能力的学习软件的应用方面，虚拟学习学院特许学校是一个突出的高中学校例子，可推断出举这个例子主要是为了描述以能力为基础的学习和测试在好

46、的高中学校的表现。选项B符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章第五段第二句，“It takes information about the students activity on course websitethe pages they have visited and whether the student has verified thatto establish in real time how well the student understands a concept.”，她获取学生在课程网站上的活动信息，他们访问过的页面等，实时确定学生对概念的理解程度。可推断出这个软件是通过学生的活动信

47、息来判断他们的能力。选项A符合题意。5.作者态度题。根据文章第五段倒数第二句，“Since this form of competency-based learning approach was introduced in some classes at Arizona State University, pass rates have reportedly increased.”，可知自从这种基于能力的学习方法引入到亚利桑那州立大学的一些课程中，通过率提升了。所以可推断出作者会赞同这种基于能力的学习方式应该得到更多学校的采用。学习C符合题意。7. 单选题Today in the techno

48、societies there is an almost ironclad consensus about the future of freedom. Maximum individual choice is regarded as the democratic ideal. Yet most writers predict that we shall move further and further from this ideal. They conjure up a dark vision of the future, in which people appear as mindless consumer creatur