2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷74附答案带详解.docx

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1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题While it may be debatable whether Suez marked the end of Britains imperial era, it undoubtedly blew away the （ ） of coequality in the Anglo-American partnership.问题1选项A.mirageB.disillusionC.conjurationD.deception【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。mirage “幻想，妄想”；disillusion “幻灭，

2、醒悟”；conjuration “祈祷，咒语”；deception “欺骗，欺诈”。句意：尽管苏伊士运河是否标志着英国帝国主义的结束存在争议，但是毫无疑问它吹走了英美伙伴关系中平等的幻想。选项A符合题意。2. 翻译题If there is any truth in what has been said about the need of forming. A theory of experience at education may be intelligently conducted upon the basis of experience, it is clear that the nex

3、t thing in order in this discussion is to present the principles that are most significant in framing this theory. I shall not, therefore, apologize for engaging in a certain amount of philosophical analysis, which otherwise might be out of place. I may, however, reassure you to some degree by sayin

4、g that this analysis is not an end in itself but is engaged in for the sake of obtaining criteria to be applied later in discussion of a number of concrete and, to most persons, more interesting issues.I have already mentioned what I called the category of continuity, or the experiential continuum.T

5、his principle is involved, as 1 pointed out, in every attempt to discriminate between experiences that are worthwhile educationally and those that are not. It may seem superfluous to argue that this discrimination is necessary not only in criticizing the traditional type of education but also in ini

6、tiating and conducting a different type. Nevertheless, it is advisable to pursue for a little while the idea that it is necessary. One may safely assume. I suppose, that one thing which has recommended the progressive movement is that it seems more in accord with the democratic ideal to which our pe

7、ople is committed than do the procedures of the traditional school, since the latter have so much of the autocratic about them. Another thing which has contributed to its favorable reception is that its methods are humane in comparison with the harshness so often attending the policies of the tradit

8、ional school.The question I would raise concerns why we prefer democratic and humane arrangements to those which are autocratic and harsh.And by “why”, I mean the reason for preferring them, not just the causes which lead us to the preference. One cause may be that we have been taught not only in th

9、e schools but by the press, the pulpit, the platform, and our laws and law-making bodies that democracy is the best of all social institutions. We may have so assimilated this idea from our surroundings that it has become a habitual part of our mental and moral make-up. But similar causes have led o

10、ther persons in different surroundings to widely varying conclusions- to prefer fascism, for example. The cause for our preference is not the same thing as the reason why we should prefer it.It is not my purpose here to go in detail into the reason. But I would ask a single question: Can we find any

11、 reason that does not ultimately come down to the belief that democratic social arrangements promote a better quality of human experience, one which is more widely accessible and enjoyed than do non-democratic and anti-democratic forms of social life? Does not the principle of regard for individual

12、freedom and for decency and kindliness of human relations come back in the end to the conviction that these things are tributary to a higher quality of experience on the part of a greater number than arc methods of repression and coercion or force?Is it not the reason for our preference that we beli

13、eve that mutual consultation and convictions reached through persuasion make possible a better quality of experience than can otherwise be provided on any wide scale?【答案】如果正如之前所说，对于理论形成的需要是真实的话，教育经验理论可以在过往经验的基础上进行明智的指导，那么很清楚的是，在这个讨论中，接下来要做的就是提出构建这个理论框架最重要的原则。正如我提出的一样，这个原则涉及于每一次尝试区分有教育价值的经历和没有教育价值的经历

14、中。我认为有一点是确定的，推进这项进步运动，在于它似乎比传统学校的程序更符合我国人民所致力于的民主理想，因为传统学校有太多的专制思想。而对于“为什么”，我指的是偏向于后者的原因，而不仅仅是导致我们偏向后者的原因。我们可能已经从周围环境中吸收了这种观念，以至于它已经成为我们心理和道德构成的一部分。我们能找到任何最终不会归结为民主社会促进提升人类经验中的更好品质，这种体验比非民主和反民主的社会生活形式更容易理解和享受这一信仰的原因吗？我们相信通过说服而达成的相互协商和信任，可能比通过其他方式在任何情况下提供更好的经验质量，这难道不是我们偏向的理由吗？3. 单选题The period of hist

15、ory which is commonly called “modern” has a mental outlook which differs from that of the medieval period in many ways. Of these, two are（1）: the diminishing authority of the Church, and the increasing authority of science.（2）, others are connected. The culture of （3）is more lay than clerical. State

16、s increasingly replace the Church as the governmental authority that controls culture. The government of nations is, at first, mainly （4） kings; then, as in ancient Greece, the kings are gradually replaced by democracies or tyrants. The power of the national State, and the functions that it performs

17、 （5） throughout the whole period (apart from some minor fluctuations); but at most times the State has less influence on the opinions of philosophers than the Church （6） in the Middle Ages. The feudal aristocracy, （7）, north of the Alps, has been able, till the fifteenth century, to hold its own ag

18、ainst central governments, loses first its political and then its economic importance. It is replaced by the king （8） rich merchants; these two share power in different proportions in different countries. There is a tendency for （9） to become absorbed into the aristocracy. From the time of the Ameri

19、can and French Revolutions onwards, democracy, in the modern sense, becomes an important political force. Socialism, （10） democracy based on private property, first acquires governmental power in 1917. This form of government, however, if it spreads, must obviously bring with it a new form of （11）:

20、the culture with which we shall be concerned is in the main “liberal”, （12）, of the kind most naturally associated with commerce. （13） there are important exceptions, especially in Germany; Fichte and Hegel, to take two examples, have an outlook which is totally unconnected with commerce. But（14）are

21、 not typical of their age.The rejection of ecclesiastical authority, which is the negative characteristic of the modern age, begins earlier than （15）characteristic, which is the acceptance of （16） . In the Italian Renaissance, science played a very small part; the opposition to the Church, in mens t

22、houghts, was connected with antiquity, and looked still to the past, but to a more distant past than （17）the early Church and the Middle Ages. The first serious irruption of （18）was the publication of the Copemican theory in 1543; but （19） did not become influential until it was taken up and improve

23、d by Kepler and Galileo in the seventeenth century. Then began the long （20） between science and dogma, in which traditionalists fought a losing battle against new knowledge.问题1选项A.more importantB.the least importantC.less importantD.the most important问题2选项A.With these twoB.Of these twoC.Among these

24、D.About these问题3选项A.medieval periodB.Christian timeC.modern timesD.scientific time问题4选项A.in the hands ofB.at hand ofC.at hands ofD.in the hand of问题5选项A.growing steadyB.grow steadilyC.grows steadilyD.grow steady问题6选项A.hasB.hadC.isD.was问题7选项A.thatB.for whichC.whichD.what问题8选项A.in allegiance toB.being

25、allergic toC.in alliance withD.in alliance of问题9选项A.the kingB.the ChurchC.the AlpsD.the rich merchants问题10选项A.as opposing toB.in opposite toC.as opposed toD.in opposition between问题11选项A.cultureB.governmentC.democracyD.socialism问题12选项A.howeverB.furthermoreC.moreoverD.that is to say问题13选项A.For thisB.T

26、o thisC.At itD.By it问题14选项A.such examplesB.these outlooksC.such exceptionsD.these two figures问题15选项A.the positiveB.a positiveC.the pessimisticD.a pessimistic问题16选项A.church authorityB.scientific authorityC.liberalismD.socialism问题17选项A.that ofB.that inC.ofD.in问题18选项A.the publicationB.an authorityC.sci

27、enceD.a theory问题19选项A.this publicationB.this theoryC.the irruptionD.science问题20选项A.compromiseB.oppositionC.fightD.period【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B第6题:B第7题:C第8题:C第9题:D第10题:C第11题:A第12题:D第13题:B第14题:C第15题:A第16题:B第17题:A第18题:C第19题:B第20题:C【解析】（1）逻辑关系。根据空格前一句，“which differs from that of the medieval peri

28、od in many ways”，可知现代的精神面貌在很多方面与中世纪不同，空格下文提到在这些方面中，有两个方面应该是最重要的。选项D符合题意。（2）固定搭配。根据空格后“connected”可知，题目考查固定搭配“be connected with”，意为“和联系”，文意为其他方面与这两个方面相互联系。选项A符合题意。（3）逻辑关系。根据空格后的“is more lay than clerical”，可知这种文化是比教权主义更加世俗的。根据上文提到了这种文化是教会主义的削弱和科学权威的提升，可知应该是指现代文化。选项C符合题意。（4）固定搭配。根据空格前“The government of

29、nations is”，可知起初，国家的政府主要由国王掌握管理。固定搭配“in the hands of”意为“由掌握”。选项A符合题意。（5）考查语法。根据语法知识，副词修饰动词，可排除A和D项。根据空格前的“performs”可知，句子应该为一般现在时态，主语为“The power of the national State, and the functions”，所以谓语动词应该用原形grow，选项B符合题意。（6）语法题。根据题意，可知国家对哲学家的观点的影响比中世纪教会带来的影响更小，所以空格中提到的是中世纪教会的影响，要用一般过去时态，选项B符合题意。（7）语法题。根据文章，“Th

30、e feudal aristocracyhas been ableto hold its own against central governments”，可知空格前后两句的关系为修饰关系，空格后一句是用来修饰空格前的“The feudal aristocracy”。两句有逗号隔开，可知空格所在的句子为非限制性定语从句，由关系代词which引导。选项C符合题意。（8）固定搭配。in alliance with“与联盟”，in allegiance to “献身于”，being allergic to “对是过敏的”；没有固定搭配in alliance of。句意：取而代之的是，国王和富商联盟。

31、选项C符合题意。（9）逻辑关系。根据空格上文，“these two share power in different proportions in different countries.”，这两种阶层在不同的国家有不同的权力。“these two”是指国王和富商。根据空格后“to become absorbed into the aristocracy”，可知这类人有被吸收成为贵族阶级的趋势，所以这类人应该是富商。选项D符合题意。（10）固定搭配。as opposed to“与截然相反，对照”；in opposite to “反对，在对面”；没有搭配as opposing to；in opp

32、osition between “在间的对立面”。句意：社会主义与民主主义相反，民主主义是基于私有的民主，而社会主义在1917年首次获得政府权利。选项C符合题意。（11）逻辑关系。根据空格后的the culture可知，上文应该提到的是带来一种新的文化形式，选项A符合题意。（12）连词词义辨析。however “然而，可是”；furthermore “此外，而且”；moreover “而且，此外”；that is to say “就是，换言之”。句意：我们所关心的的文化主要是 “自由主义者”，换言之，就是自然而然地和商业联系起来的一种文化。选项D符合题意。（13）固定搭配。空格后的except

33、ions和介词to构成固定搭配，意为“针对的例外情况”。句意：针对这种文化会与商业自然而然联系起来的这种情况，也存在很多重要的例外，特别是在德国。选项B符合题意。（14）逻辑关系。根据转折连词but可知，空格前后存在转折关系，空格前提到了文化不与商业联系的例外情况，所以空格后句意应为：这样的例外在他们的年代并不典型。选项C符合题意。（15）逻辑关系。根据空格前，“which is the negative characteristic of the modern age”，可知提到了现代的消极特征，那么与空格的“积极特征”形成对应，消极特征比积极特征开始得早得多。选项A符合题意。（16）逻辑关

34、系。空格前提到了否定教会的权威是现代的消极特征，根据空格后文提到的文艺复兴时期，科学发挥了重大作用，可知空格中指代“对科学权威的接受”。选项B符合题意。（17）语法题。根据单词than可知前后存在比较关系，用指示代词that指代the past，使前后具有可比性。空格后的早期教堂和中世纪年代对that起限定修饰作用，所以用介词of连接，使其充当后置定语。选项A符合题意。（18）逻辑关系。根据空格后文“the publication of the Copernican theory”，可知哥白尼理论的发表是一种科学的介入。选项C符合题意。（19）逻辑关系。根据转折连词but可知前后存在转折关系，

35、内容形成对应。空格前提到了哥白尼理论，空格后继续阐述哥白尼理论直到17世纪被开普勒和伽利略采用和改善才变得有影响力。所以空格指代哥白尼理论。选项B符合题意。（20）名词词义辨析。compromise “妥协，折衷”；opposition “反对”；fight“斗争”；period“周期，时期”。句意：这开始了科学和教条之间的长期斗争，传统主义在与新知识的战斗中失败了。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题The Supreme Court ruled last week that a group of employees suing for age discrimination should get t

36、heir day in court even though they filed their complaint on the wrong form. The decision is noteworthy because it suggests that this court could be pulling back from what has often seemed like a knee-jerk inclination to rule for corporations over workers and customers.Group of couriers over the age

37、of 40 sued Federal Express, claiming it tried to push out older workers. The issue was whether they submitted a proper complaint to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission within the legal time limit. FedEx claimed the couriers filed the wrong form, but the court ruled, 7 to 2, that an intake qu

38、estionnaire and a signed affidavitwhich the E.E.O.C. considered a valid complaintmet its permissive standard for what was acceptable.It is surprising and welcome to see the court apply any sort of permissive standard, considering how it ruled in a similar case just last year. Through a tortured and

39、illogical reading of the law, the court ruled, 5 to 4, that a Goodyear employee missed the deadline for filing a complaint that she was paid less than male colleagues.That was one of a series of rulings in recent years that stretched the law to come out against little-guy parties. In one egregious d

40、ecision last year, the court ignored its precedents to hold that an inmate lost the right to challenge his murder conviction because he missed a deadline even though he had filed the appeal by the day the federal district judge (mistakenly) told him to.The FedEx ruling could be an aberration, or it

41、could mark a new direction. The justices may have been chastened by the enormous criticism of the Goodyear ruling from Congress and the public. (The House has passed a bill reversing it, and the Senate may soon follow.) They may also be reactingas the court has been known to doto shifting political

42、winds. Voters in this election year do not appear to favor the blind deference to corporate power that has been a theme of the last seven years.It would be a mistake to read too much into one decision. There is certainly evidence the court will not easily shake its undue solicitude for the problems

43、of corporations. One example came last week, in Exxons challenge to a $2.5 billion punitive damages award against it arising out of the Exxon Valdez oil spill.Chief Justice John Roberts, who once practiced corporate law, asked, So what can a corporation do to protect itself against punitive damages

44、awards such as this? The court has been on a campaign to strike down large awards of punitive damages against corporations, but the lawyer for the oil spills victims, Professor Jeffrey Fisher of Stanford Law School, had the answer: It can hire fit and competent people.1.What could be inferred from t

45、he first paragraph of this passage?2.In the second paragraph, the author uses the example of FedEx couriers case to （ ）.3.The word egregious in the fourth paragraph most probably means （ ）.4. From the last two paragraphs, we can draw the conclusion that （ ）.5.The authors attitude towards the courts

46、verdict in the FedEx case seems to be （ ）问题1选项A.The Supreme Court seemed likely to support the employees.B.Courts seemed likely to rule for companies over workers and consumers.C.A group of employees failed on their accusation because they filed their complaint on the wrong form.D.A group of workers

47、 got their holidays from the verdict of the Supreme Court.问题2选项A.show it is surprising that the court applied any sort of permissive standardB.express that the public welcome the application of any sort of permissive standard by the court.C.show that FedEx tried to push out old workersD.indicate that the court has changed some conventions问题3选项A.extremely badB.very similarC.extravagantD.quite notice