专升本阅读技巧PPT课件.ppt

《专升本阅读技巧PPT课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《专升本阅读技巧PPT课件.ppt（47页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。

1、各类题型解答方式各类题型解答方式细节性题目细节性题目是非题是非题释义题释义题原因性原因性猜测（例证）用意猜测（例证）用意单词词义单词词义推理暗示题推理暗示题写作目的题写作目的题态度立场题态度立场题细节性题目细节性题目细节性题目细节性题目问题有两种基本形式：完全式和不完全式，其中不完全式的问题占绝大多数。1完全式Why do women seem less likely to be promoted after marriage?What did scientists learn about earthquakes at the area?According to the passage，how

2、 did the drums differ from many other drums?According to the passage，through which of the following does the energy released?细节性题目细节性题目2不完全式According to the passage，the new machine proved to be.In the authors opinion，visual and spatial abilities are good for.According to the passage，women are usuall

3、y good at.The Suns light travels slowly when.解题的基本方法解题的基本方法问题中的关键词或词组 返回文章查找问题的相关句，用这个相关句来对照选项.具备两方面的知识：1 1文章细节结构知识文章细节结构知识2 2文章文章过渡渡词知知识 1 1文章细节结构知识文章细节结构知识描述性结构(这种结构主要介绍事物，问题或倾向的特点、特征。对人物的描述如传记包括人的身体特征，家庭背景，成长过程，个性爱好，成就贡献等。因此文章中，时间，地点，数据时间，地点，数据是主要细节)；释义性结构(这种结构是解释某一理论，学科，事物。主要是用例子，比喻，类比进行阐述)；比较性结

4、构(这种结构主要是对两个事物或人物在功能，特点，优缺点，贡献方面进行比较)；原因性结构(这种结构主要是分析事物的成因，客观的，主观的，直接的，间接的)；驳论性结构(这种结构主要是介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，分析其优缺点，或危害性，最后阐明自己的观点)。2 2文章文章过渡渡词知知识 根据过渡词表示的语义和逻辑关系，我们可以分类为：根据过渡词表示的语义和逻辑关系，我们可以分类为：1)举例举例forexample,forinstance,asacaseinpoint,asanillustration,suchas,say,e.g.2)释义释义thatis,thatistosay,inother

5、words,sotospeak,orrather,namely3)原因原因because,becauseof,for,as,owingto,thanksto,dueto,nowthat,since,asaresultof,attributeto,inthat4)条件条件if,unless,whether,providedthat,given,aslongas,onconditionthat,otherwise 5)让步despite,in spite of,though,although,nevertheless,but,however,admittedly,it is truebut,aft

6、er all 6)结果for this reason,therefore,consequently,accordingly,hence,as a result,thus,in short,in a word,to sum up,to conclude7)比较similarly,like,likewise,in the same way,much.,as much,no more.,than,just as.so 8)对照whereas,instead,however,unlike,on the contrary,in contrast,on the other hand,while,some.

7、othersl9)层进first,in the first place,to begin with,second,next,in addition to,besides,moreover,furthermore,third,finallyl10)强调indeed,in fact,certainly,particularly,above all,most importantly,worst of alll11)目的in order to,in an effort to,so as to,in order that,for fear that,in case,leastl12)先后shortly

8、 after,earlier,later,afterwards,after,before,once,meanwhile,since,until,when,while,the moment,as soon asl13)指示this,that,these,this accounts for,this helps explain,thats why 是非题是非题 是非题也称之为正误判断题，因为问的是选项中对文章中的事实的转述是否真实，提法是否正确，文章或作者是否提及。例如：Which of the following statements is(not)true?Which of the follo

9、wing is(not)mentioned in the passage?Which of the following does not explain _?All of the following are true except _。是非题的四个选项有三种情况：是非题的四个选项有三种情况：1四个四个选项中的信息集中在一、二个句子里中的信息集中在一、二个句子里。2四个四个选项中的信息集中在一段里中的信息集中在一段里。3四个四个选项中的信息分散在全文中的信息分散在全文释义题释义题 所谓释义性的题目，就是要求对文章中阐述的事所谓释义性的题目，就是要求对文章中阐述的事物进行准确的解释。问题往往问该事

10、物的特征、物进行准确的解释。问题往往问该事物的特征、优点、功能、作用等，如优点、功能、作用等，如The main characteristics of the system is The main characteristics of the system is _.One of the advantages of living in the One of the advantages of living in the countryside is countryside is _.两点要注意。1 1注意解释的准确性注意解释的准确性干扰项往往在对文章事物的解释中，夹带私货，加进一些词，夸大了原

11、文的意义，作了不合事实的引伸。特别要当心在解释时加进一些修饰词，如如mainlymainly，chieflychiefly，wheneverwhenever，OnlyOnly等等，使原文的意思发生细微的变化。因此有这些词的选项，多半是错误的。2 2注意归纳的准确性注意归纳的准确性问的是事物的主要特点、特征、功能，干扰项却把次要的、细节性的东西，具体事实混进选项。要注意区要注意区分细节和结论，事实和观点分细节和结论，事实和观点01年第三篇Large-scale production in a large market brings advantages:mass production helps

12、 to reduce the manufacturing costs of consumer goods and the single market also makes it easier to specialize.Together,these two considerations improve businesses chance of making profit.Within the single market,the Community(欧共体)is making clearly strict European industrial standards which help Euro

13、pean industry compete with imported products and conquer new markets,as well as making high-quality products available to the consumer.The European commissions competition policy serves to ensure that the common interest prevails over individual business interests.At the same time,it is flexible eno

14、ugh to allow co-operation between small firms.Business are being encouraged to operate outside the country in which they are based by measures designed to ensure that they are no longer taxed twice for doing so.The days when taxes are an obstacle to Europe-wide business operation will soon be gone.i

15、n addition to creating a favorable business environment,the communitys industrial policy is also concerned with developing specific strategies.The objective is to carry out long-term plans to develop industries such as the electronics industry,information technology,biotechnology(生物技术)and textiles.T

16、hese measures,at national and community level,will influence the quality of products,the technology used to manufacture them,the training the workforce receives,and the development of new outlets.In short,a whole range of instruments will be created to protect the future of European technology.These

17、 projects will require extra funding at Community level for training,research and development and communications networks.The extra Community funding will be used as rationally as possible in a way which maximizes the benefit to European industry.33.One of the main changes in the market in Europe is

18、 that _.A)there are more home produced goods that imported goods on the marketB)companies only have to pay one tax when operating in a member countryC)there are no more Europe-wide business operationsD)small companies are allowed to combine into larger ones原因题原因题The main reason for the failure of th

19、e organization to achieve the success is that _.Mouthwashes are not effective cure for bad breath mainly because _.Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes for the earthquake _.1分清主要和次要原因分清主要和次要原因 首先要注意问题中的the mainchiefreal cause(reason，factor)这些词，提醒自己，问题问的是主要原因。然后分析事物的诸多的原因，理出最主要的，直

20、接的，根本的原因。2分清原因和后果，影响分清原因和后果，影响 问的是事物的原因，但出现在选项里的还有事物的后果、影响。由子这些后果、影响和原因一样，都是指一件事，且都出现在同一相关段，或相关句中，稍不留心，就会搞错。猜测（例证）用意猜测（例证）用意阅读理解文章基本上是说明文，议论文。而这类体裁的文章少不了用例子，事实来说明观点。因此我们往往会碰到要求猜测文章举例的目的这些例子要说明什么观点的题目。如：The example of is given to show/illustrate that.What can be inferred from the authors example of?T

21、he experiment/study suggests/shows that.解答这类问题，要注意以下几点。1注意例证所在的段落主题句2注意例证上下文的作者观点3注意全文中心思想4对例证本身进行推测01年第二篇Only the government can ensure that the American people have clean air and pure water.Congress must pass laws to stop manufacturers from polluting the air and water with the waste from their fac

22、tories.Unless anti-pollution standards are enforced for all,companies that care about a clean environment will go out of business.For example,if Automobile Company X spends money to put an air-pollution control device on their automobiles,their cars will be more expensive than the cars produced by a

23、nother company.People who dont have the extra money or who dont care about pollution will not buy the more expensive cars.Automobile Company X will go bankrupt(破产);that is,it wont make enough money to pay its workers and to buy materials.It will then go out of business.Of course,no automobile compan

24、y will make itself go bankrupt on purpose,and the pollution of the land and air and water will go on.But if the government says that all automobile manufacturers must make cars with air-pollution control devices,the cost of all manufacturers will be equal.So the government cannot let companies decid

25、e whether or not they want to stop pollution.The government must force manufacturers to clean up the environment by setting anti-pollution standards for everyone.27.The writer gives the example of Automobile Company X to show that _.A)manufacturers will not take care of pollution control on their ow

26、n willB)few manufacturers are aware of the importance of air-pollution control C)air-pollution control devices are more expensive than other devicesD)people like to buy cars that are equipped with pollution control devices单词词义题单词词义题常见的考词汇的题往往会是这样一些形式：The word“”in line 5 refers to(means)_The word“”(l

27、ine 3,para 2)most probably means _By“”the author means _The word“”could best be replaced by which of the following?标点符号是理解词义的一条重要线索，因为这些词的定义就是通过标点符号，如逗号、冒号、破折号和括号等来完成的。如：如：Sometimes we work on night shift-from 7:30pm to 7:30am.l2信号词信号词l1.）注意）注意thatis，inotherwords，namely，thatmeans，thisis等过渡词直接引出同义解等过

28、渡词直接引出同义解释。释。2）注意注意and，notOnlybutalso，besides，similarly，likewise，inthesameway等过渡词引出的同一，类似的意思。等过渡词引出的同一，类似的意思。3）注意生词前后的注意生词前后的but，however，while，onthecontrary等过渡词。它们表示一种对立等过渡词。它们表示一种对立或同等关系。或同等关系。4）注意注意forexample，suchas，acaseinpointis等过渡词，引出一个具体例子来说明等过渡词，引出一个具体例子来说明阐述。阐述。A volcano is a kind of chimney

29、or vent which goes down to a liquid deep inside the earth,called magma(岩浆)。Three types of material come out of the vent:a hot liquid called lava,pieces of rock,and great quantities of gas.The lava and rock often collect round the vent and form what is known as the volcanos cone(火山堆)。Question:The wo

30、rd ventmeans _.A.something like a chimney in the volcanoB.magma deep inside the earthC.the volcanos coneD.lava,rock,and gas3 凭借常识或经验 Most crime drama on television is about finding the criminal.As soon as he is arrested,the story is over.In real life,finding criminals is seldom much of a problem.Exc

31、ept in very serious cases like murders and terrorists attacks-where failure to produce results will affect the reputation of the police,little effort is spent on searching.The police have an elaborate machinery which eventually shows up the most wanted men.After having made an arrest,a detective rea

32、lly starts to work.In order to prove his case in court he often has to spend a lot of time gathering evidence.Question:“The most wanted men”in the paragraph refers to _ A.the most dangerous criminals.B.Most of the witnesses wanted.C.Those the police are searching for.D.The men the police are most in

33、terested in arresting.利用单词的构词法利用单词的构词法英语中的构词法主要有三种：英语中的构词法主要有三种：派生（派生（DerivationDerivation）转化（转化（ConversionConversion）合成（合成（CompoundingCompounding）派生：派生：由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成一个新的单词，该由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成一个新的单词，该法是猜测英语单词的主要方法。法是猜测英语单词的主要方法。A.A.加前缀加前缀 disdis-,in-,re-,un-,non-,-,in-,re-,un-,non-,B.B.加后缀加后缀 able,-al,

34、an,-able,-al,-an,-fulful,-,-iveive,-,-erer,-,-eseese,-istist,-,-mentment,-ness,-,-ness,-tiontion,-,-fyfy,-,-ianian,-inging,-,-is(z)eis(z)e,-,-lyly,-teen,-,-teen,-tyty,-,-thth,-y,-y如：如：ununconditionconditionalal，意为，意为“无条件的无条件的”转化：转化：由某一词性转达化成另一词性，其意义也发生一由某一词性转达化成另一词性，其意义也发生一定的变化。定的变化。I was asked to

35、minute the race.I was asked to minute the race.“minuteminute”转化成化成动词，意，意为“为计时”hand(hand(n n.)hand(hand(v v.)empty(adjempty(adj.).)empty(vempty(v.).)合成：两个或两个以上的单词组成一个新的单合成：两个或两个以上的单词组成一个新的单词。词。如：如：blackboard,man-blackboard,man-made,overthrowmade,overthrow合成：两个或两个以上的单词组成一个新的单合成：两个或两个以上的单词组成一个新的单词。词。如：

36、如：blackboard,man-made,overthrowblackboard,man-made,overthrow首字母缩略首字母缩略ISBNISBN：International Standard Book Number International Standard Book Number 国国际标准准图书编号。号。VIPVIP：Very Important person Very Important person 贵宾、大人物、大人物混合词混合词brunch:breakfast+lunch brunch:breakfast+lunch 早午餐早午餐smog:smoke+fog smog

37、smoke+fog 烟雾烟雾其他其他VSVS：versus(=versus(=against)Brazilagainst)Brazil VS VS ChinaChinaXL:extra largeXL:extra large 三、运用基本的猜词技巧三、运用基本的猜词技巧猜词技巧主要有代入法和排除法两种。推理暗示题推理暗示题 在阅读理解题目中我们有时发现这样的问题We can learn from the passage that The passage implies that.The author suggests that.It is implied but not stated.一、运

38、用普通常识二、运用逻辑推理二、运用逻辑推理很多逻辑知识可以运用到解答推理题上去。例如很多逻辑知识可以运用到解答推理题上去。例如A A就就是是B B，但由于，但由于A A和和C C是一样的，所以是一样的，所以C C也是也是B B。这种三段式。这种三段式推理十分需要。推理十分需要。三、注意作者的论述方法三、注意作者的论述方法论述方法能反映作者的立场和态度。论述方法论述方法能反映作者的立场和态度。论述方法从句子平面上说是指作者说话的方法，如何评论某从句子平面上说是指作者说话的方法，如何评论某事；从篇章角度上说是指材料的安排，论述的详略事；从篇章角度上说是指材料的安排，论述的详略等。等。四、注意作者的

39、语气四、注意作者的语气文章中作者用的虚拟语气，情态动词文章中作者用的虚拟语气，情态动词shouldshould，mustmust，maymay都可流露出作者的语气和言外之音。都可流露出作者的语气和言外之音。五、注意作者的遣词措辞五、注意作者的遣词措辞六、注意作者的过渡词：六、注意作者的过渡词：HoweverHowever，butbut，on on the contrarythe contrary，whatwhats mores more这些过渡词往往能够这些过渡词往往能够反映作者的观点和态度。反映作者的观点和态度。目的题目的题推测作者写作目的的题目往往这样问的：The authors main

40、 purpose in writing the passage is to.The author writes this passage to.The author in this passage intends to.To argue a beliefTo argue a belief，文章作者就会，文章作者就会摆事事实，讲道理，道理，论证自己的自己的观点。点。To inform people of somethingTo inform people of something，文章作者只，文章作者只介介绍和和传递信息，并不信息，并不发表自己看法。表自己看法。To illustrate the

41、 significanceTo illustrate the significanceimportanceimportance，文章作者会从多方面，文章作者会从多方面阐述意述意义或重要性。或重要性。To warn people of certain dangerTo warn people of certain danger，文章作，文章作者会分析某事物的后果，危害性。者会分析某事物的后果，危害性。To analysis the causes of somethingTo analysis the causes of something，文，文章作者会从章作者会从间接和直接或平行几方面分析原因

42、接和直接或平行几方面分析原因或因素。或因素。To describe certain problemsTo describe certain problemsphenomenaphenomena，文章作者会用事，文章作者会用事实，数据，例数据，例证或生或生动形象描写。形象描写。To give people a piece of adviseTo give people a piece of advise，文章作者用祈使句，文章作者用祈使句较多。告多。告诉方方法，做法等。法，做法等。To propose a solutionTo propose a solution，文章作者，文章作者会会阐明某种

43、建明某种建议或解决方法的可行或解决方法的可行性，性，优点等点等。态度立场题态度立场题在阅读理解问题中我们经常看到这类问题：The authors attitude towards can be best summarized as.The tone of this passage is best described as.这种问题的选择项往往是单个词组成的。如：According to the passage，the authors attitude towards the early computers can best be described as.A)indifferent B)amb

44、iguous C)contemptuous D)hostile态度度词汇总A positive approving negative critical questioningneutral detachedsuspicious doubtfulcompromising tolerantindifferent unconcernedconcerned worriedpessimistic depressedconfident optimistic interested impressed contemptuous hostileC subjective主观的 personal有个人观点，感情的

45、persuasive说服人的 biased带偏见的 opinionated固执己见的 objective 客观的 impersonal不带个人感情的 informative提供信息的 factual实事求是的 impartial不偏袒的D formal正式的 reverent 恭敬的 polite拘束的 informal非正式的 casual随便的 familiar熟悉的 Eg ApositiveAfter careful examination of the constitutional issues involved,the mayor,responding to the peoples

46、wishes,has announced that he will take immediate action.B negativeAfter hesitating for as long as he dared to,and taking refuge in the ambiguities of the constitution,the mayor has at long last yield to pressure and grudgingly agreed to try to do something.语气(tone)humorous幽默的 mocking嘲笑的serious严肃的 cy

47、nical玩世不恭的somber严峻、冷静的sarcastical挖苦的playful开玩笑的 sentimental感伤的bitter尖刻的 emotional动感情的iron让讽刺的 angry气愤的一般来说，除了主旨及推论型题目以外，题目顺序与文章一般来说，除了主旨及推论型题目以外，题目顺序与文章的情节发展是一致的，因此应按题目顺序解题。的情节发展是一致的，因此应按题目顺序解题。文章较难时，不必紧张，根据语言学科的测试规律，如果文章较难时，不必紧张，根据语言学科的测试规律，如果文章难则问题比较简单。只要能很好地应用阅读技巧，就文章难则问题比较简单。只要能很好地应用阅读技巧，就不难找到正确

48、答案。另外，文章偏长也不一定就难，因为不难找到正确答案。另外，文章偏长也不一定就难，因为在较长的篇幅中，其词汇，句子结构的复杂程度要相对容在较长的篇幅中，其词汇，句子结构的复杂程度要相对容易些。易些。阅读过程中，可以在文章或问题旁空白处做些记号，也可阅读过程中，可以在文章或问题旁空白处做些记号，也可以对一些与答题有关的词句划线。还可以标出一些关键词，以对一些与答题有关的词句划线。还可以标出一些关键词，尤其是文章的论点、论据及一些有关事实，以避免遗忘或尤其是文章的论点、论据及一些有关事实，以避免遗忘或回顾时浪费时间回顾时浪费时间回答问题时不能按照个人的主观臆断，回答问题的根据应回答问题时不能按照个人的主观臆断，回答问题的根据应该建立在阅读文章的基础上。该建立在阅读文章的基础上。