2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷79附答案带详解.docx

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1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题The new media law that has sparked a furor in the country requires all broadcast and digital media to provide “balanced coverage” and is seen by critics as an attempt to （ ）the press.问题1选项A.muzzleB.underpinC.sidestepD.reassure【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。muzzle “使缄默，封锁.的

2、言论”；underpin “巩固，支持”；sidestep “回避”；reassure “使安心”。句意：在全国引起了轩然大波的新媒体法，要求所有广播和数字媒体提供均衡的报道，被评论家认为有可能带来言论受限等结果。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题As the clerk （ ） prepared my milk shake, I wondered how long she had been working there, （ ） making ice cream treats in a set order of steps.问题1选项A.logically. incautiouslyB.method

3、ically. mindlesslyC.systematically. carefullyD.synthetically. casually【答案】B【解析】副词词义辨析。logically “合乎逻辑”；incautiously “鲁莽地”； methodically “有条理地”；mindlessly “不费心思地”； systematically “有系统地”；carefully “小心地”；synthetically “综合地”；casually “随意 地”。句意：当店员有条不紊地为我准备奶昔时，我想知道她已经在那里工作多久了，她不费心思地按一定的步骤制作冰淇淋。选项B符合题意。3.

4、 单选题President Barack Obama has been excoriated for declaring that “we dont have a strategy yet” for effectively confronting the Islamic State group. In criticizing Obama for taking too much time, Mike Rogers, the Republican chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, told “Fox News Sunday” that “t

5、his dont-do-stupid-stuff” policy isnt working.” That sounded odd to my earlike we should just bomb somebody, even if it is stupid. If Obama did that, what would he be ignoring? First, experience. After 9/11 that sort of “fire, ready, aim” approach led George W. Bush to order a ground war in Iraq wit

6、hout sufficient troops to control the country, without a true grasp of Iraqs Shiite-Sunni sectarian dynamics and without any realization that, in destroying the Sunni Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the Sunni Baathist regime in Iraq, we were destroying both of Irans mortal enemies and thereby open

7、ing the way for a vast expansion of Irans regional influence. We were in a hurry, myself included, to change things after 9/11, and when youre in a hurry you ignore complexities that come back to haunt you later. There are no words to describe the vileness of the video beheadings of two U.S. journal

8、ists by the Islamic State, but I have no doubt that theyre meant to get us to overreact, a la 9/11, and rush off again without a strategy. The Islamic State is awful, but it is not a threat to Americas homeland. Second, the context. To defeat the Islamic State, you have to address the context out of

9、 which it emerged. And that is the three civil wars raging in the Arab world today: the civil war within Sunni Islam between radical jihadists and moderate mainstream Sunni Muslims and regimes; the civil war across the region between Sunnis funded by Saudi Arabia and Shiites funded by Iran; and the

10、civil war between Sunni jihadists and all other minorities in the region: Yazidis, Turkmen, Kurds, Christians, Jews and Alawites. When you have a region beset by that many civil wars at once, it means there is no center, only sides. And when you intervene in the middle of a region with no center, yo

11、u very quickly become a side. The Islamic State emerged as an extreme expression of resentment by one side: Iraqi and Syrian Sunnis who felt cut out of power and resources by the pro-Iranian Shiite regime in Baghdad and the pro-Iranian Alawite/Shiite regime in Damascus. That is why Obama keeps insis

12、ting that the United States military intervention must be accompanied, for starters, by Iraqis producing a national unity government of mainstream Shiites, Sunnis and Kurds - so our use of force supports pluralism and power-sharing, not just Shiite power. But power-sharing doesnt come easy in a regi

13、on where kinship and sectarian loyalties overwhelm any sense of shared citizenship. Without it, though, the dominant philosophy is either: “I am strong, why should I compromise?” or “I am weak, how can I compromise?” So any onslaught we make on the Islamic State, absent national unity governments, w

14、ill have Shiites saying the former and Sunnis saying the latter. Thats why this is complicated. 1.Which of the following words is synonymous to the highlighted word “excoriated” in the first line of the passage?2.According to the passage, all of the following statements are FALSE EXCEPT （ ）.3.Which

15、of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage?4.Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the whole passage?5.What do you think of the authors attitude towards Obamas policy on the Islamic State according to the passage?问题1选项A.excruciatedB.approbatedC.exfoliatedD.repro

16、bated问题2选项A.Mike Rogers doesnt think that it is stupid that Obama didnt take actions to bomb the Islamic State.B.George W. Bushs approach to destroy the Sunni Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the Sunni Baathist regime in Iraq has actually helped Iran.C.The Islamic State beheaded two American Journa

17、lists had threatened the safety of American homeland.D.When a region is beset by many civil wars at once, there is center, no sides.问题3选项A.If Obama did destroy the Islamic State, he would ignore several issues.B.The video beheadings of two U.S. journalists by the Islamic State are just meant to thre

18、aten the United States.C.Obama insists that the United States，military intervention in Iraq must be accompanied by Iraqis producing a national unity government.D.The U.S. government needs to think over before taking actions against the Islamic State.问题4选项A.Obamas Policy on the Islamic StateB.Conflic

19、ts in the Arab WorldC.Fire, Ready, Aim. Not Ready, Aim, FireD.Ready, Aim, Fire. Not Fire, Ready, Aim问题5选项A.opposingB.approvingC.neutralD.indifferent【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.词义理解题。根据文章第一句，“President Barack Obama has been excoriated for declaring that “we dont have a strategy yet” for effect

20、ively confronting the Islamic State group.”，可知美国总统巴拉克奥巴马因宣称尚未制定有效对抗伊斯兰国组织的战略而受到严厉批评。所以找出excoriate “批评，斥责”的同义词，选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句，“After 9/11 that sort of “fire, ready, aim” approach led George W. Bush to order a ground war in Iraq without sufficient troops to control the country, without a t

21、rue grasp of Iraqs Shiite-Sunni sectarian dynamics and without any realization that, in destroying the Sunni Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the Sunni Baathist regime in Iraq, we were destroying both of Irans mortal enemies and thereby opening the way for a vast expansion of Irans regional influen

22、ce.”可知9.11后那种“开炮、准备、作战”的方法使布什在伊拉克发动地面战争的时候没有足够的军事力量在控制这个国家，没有真正了解伊拉克什叶派和逊尼派的宗派动态，也没有意识到摧毁了阿富汗的逊尼派塔利班政权和伊拉克的逊尼派复兴党政权，我们就可以摧毁伊朗的死敌，从而为伊朗地区影响力的大规模扩张开辟道路。可推断出布什摧毁阿富汗逊尼派塔利班政权和伊拉克逊尼派复兴党政权的做法，实际上帮助了伊朗。选项B符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句，“ There are no words to describe the vileness of the video beheadings of two U.

23、S. journalists by the Islamic State, but I have no doubt that theyre meant to get us to overreact”，可知伊斯兰国斩首两名美国记者的视频的恶劣程度无法用言语来形容，但我毫不怀疑，他们的目的只是让我们反应过度。所以目的不是为了威胁美国。选项B符合题意。4.主旨题。文章主要关于有效抗击伊斯兰国组织的策略问题，主要讲述了打击伊斯兰国的策略。9.11事件后策略上的不成熟导致美国陷入不利的处境，所以D选项的标题是对策略的一个完整概括和总结，即准备-定目标-开战，而不是开战-准备-定目标。选项D符合题意。5.作

24、者态度题。根据文章第一段，“That sounded odd to my earlike we should just bomb somebody, even if it is stupid. If Obama did that, what would he be ignoring?”，可知在我听来这很奇怪，就好像我们应该直接轰炸某人，即使这很愚蠢。如果奥巴马要摧毁伊斯兰国，他会忽略哪些问题呢?，可推断出作者对于奥巴马摧毁伊斯兰国的政策持赞同态度。选项B符合题意。4. 单选题We can be sure, however, that cities will remain the ground

25、zero of convergence. Although forest clearance and export monocultures have played fundamental roles in the transition to a new geological epoch, the prime mover has been the almost exponential increase in the carbon footprints of urban regions in the northern hemisphere. Heating and cooling the urb

26、an built environment alone is responsible for an estimated 35 to 45 per cent of current carbon emissions, while urban industries and transportation contribute another 35 to 40 per cent. In a sense, city life is rapidly destroying the ecological niche-Holocene climate stability-which made its evoluti

27、on into complexity possible.Yet there is a striking paradox here. What makes urban areas so environmentally unsustainable are precisely those features, even in the largest megacities, that are most anti-urban or suburban. First among these is massive horizontal expansion, which combines the degradat

28、ion of vital natural services-aquifers, watersheds, truck farms, forests, coastal eco-systems-with the high costs of providing infrastructure to sprawl. The result is grotesquely oversized environmental footprints, with a concomitant growth of traffic and air pollution and, most often, the downstrea

29、m dumping of waste. Where urban forms are dictated by speculators and developers, bypassing democratic controls over planning and resources, the predictable social outcomes are extreme spatial segregation by income or ethnicity, as well as unsafe environments for children, the elderly and those with

30、 special needs; inner-city development is conceived as gentrification through eviction, destroying working-class urban culture in the process. To these we may add the socio-political features of the megapolis under conditions of capitalist globalization: the growth of peripheral slums and informal e

31、mployment, the privatization of public space, low-intensity warfare between police and subsistence criminals, and bunkering of the wealthy in sterilized historical centers or walled suburbs.By contrast, those qualities that are most classically urban, even on the scale of small cities and towns, com

32、bine to generate a more virtuous circle. Where there are well-defined boundaries between city and countryside, urban growth can preserve open space and vital natural systems, while creating environmental economies of scale in transportation and residential construction. Access to city centers from t

33、he periphery becomes affordable and traffic can be regulated more effectively. Waste is more easily recycled, not exported downstream. In classic urban visions, public luxury replaces privatized consumption through the socialization of desire and identity within collective urban space. Large domain

34、of public or non-profit housing reproduce ethnic and income heterogeneity at fractal scales throughout the city. Egalitarian public services and cityscapes are designed with children, the elderly and those with special needs in mind. Democratic controls offer powerful capacities for progressive taxa

35、tion and planning, with high levels of political mobilization and civic participation, the priority of civic memory over proprietary icons and the spatial integration of work, recreation and home life.1.As the author discusses the issues in this passage, he sounds （ ）.2.Why in many big cities there

36、are extreme spatial segregation by income or ethnicity, as well as unsafe environments for children, the elderly and those with special needs?3.What does the word “these” in the second paragraph refer to?4.Which of the following words is not synonymous to the word “virtuous” in the last paragraph?5.

37、Which of the following will not be the outcome under the condition that there are well-defined boundaries between city and countryside?问题1选项A.criticalB.neutralC.optimisticD.pessimistic问题2选项A.Because the egalitarian aspects of city life consistently provide the best sociological and physical supports

38、 for resource conservation and carbon mitigation.B.Because massive horizontal expansion combines the degradation of vital natural services with the high costs of providing infrastructure to sprawl.C.Because urban forms are dictated by speculators and developers, bypassing democratic controls over pl

39、anning and resources.D.Because there are grotesquely oversized environmental footprints, with a concomitant growth of traffic and air pollution and, most often, the downstream dumping of waste.问题3选项A.urban areas.B.Those features.C.The largest megacitiesD.Vital natural services问题4选项A.wholesomeB.right

40、eousC.efficaciousD.pernicious问题5选项A.Waste is more easily recycled, not exported downstream.B.Urban growth can create environmental economies of scale in transportation and residential construction.C.Access to city centers from the periphery becomes unaffordable and traffic can be regulated more inef

41、fectively.D.Urban growth can preserve open space and vital natural systems.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.作者态度题。整篇文章作者都是客观地阐述了大城市的城市化对生态环境的破坏，但是小城市、小镇的城市化和生态环境结合起来就会产生良性循环。其中没有作者过多个人观点的表达。所以对文中的问题作者持中立的态度。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Where urban forms are dictated by speculators and developers, bypa

42、ssing democratic controls over planning and resources”，可知城市形态是由投机者和开发商决定的，绕过了对规划和资源的民主监督，这造成了空间隔离和环境问题。选项C符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句，“What makes urban areas so environmentally unsustainable are precisely those features, even in the largest megacities, that are most anti-urban or suburban.”，可知使城市地区在环境上的

43、问题正是因为这些特点，即使在最大的大城市也是反城市的。可判断出these指代的就是上文提到的features，选项B符合题意。4.词义理解题。wholesome “健全的”；righteous “正义的”；efficacious “有效的”；pernicious “有毒的，恶性的”。句意：相比之下，那些最典型的城市特征，与一些小城市或城镇结合起来也会形成一个更良性的循环。所以virtuous意思为良性的，只有pernicious不是它的同义词。选项D符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段， “Access to city centers from the periphery becomes

44、 affordable and traffic can be regulated more effectively.”，可知从郊区进入市中心的交通费用降低了，交通也可以得到更有效的管理。所以C选项中的unaffordable与文意相反。选项C符合题意。5. 单选题Many an institution has been set up to try and make sense of the inscrutable nature of us human beings, and although （ ）, it is only instrumental in showing how little

45、we really understand.问题1选项A.an inroad has been set upB.the inroad has been set upC.an inroad has been madeD.inroads have been made【答案】C【解析】固定搭配和语法题。根据后面主句中的it可判断although引导的让步状语从句中主语应该为名词单数，所以选项D可排除。又根据固定搭配make an inroad “取得进展”。选项C符合题意。6. 翻译题If there is any truth in what has been said about the need

46、of forming. A theory of experience at education may be intelligently conducted upon the basis of experience, it is clear that the next thing in order in this discussion is to present the principles that are most significant in framing this theory. I shall not, therefore, apologize for engaging in a

47、certain amount of philosophical analysis, which otherwise might be out of place. I may, however, reassure you to some degree by saying that this analysis is not an end in itself but is engaged in for the sake of obtaining criteria to be applied later in discussion of a number of concrete and, to mos

48、t persons, more interesting issues.I have already mentioned what I called the category of continuity, or the experiential continuum.This principle is involved, as 1 pointed out, in every attempt to discriminate between experiences that are worthwhile educationally and those that are not. It may seem superfluous to argue that this discrimination is necessary not only in