2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷58附答案带详解.docx

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1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Americans have a profound longing for heroes - now perhaps more than ever. On some level, we still （ ） the myth of the man in the white hat.问题1选项A.succeed toB.subscribe toC.succeed againstD.subside into【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。succeed to “继承，接着发生”；subscribe to “同意，赞成”；

2、succeed against “成功应对”；subside into “逐渐衰退”。句意：美国人对英雄有一种深厚的渴望-现在活着比以往更加渴望。在某种程度上，我们仍然相信戴白帽子人的神话。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题The result would be higher-cost imports that would represent a tax on the American consumers - a tax that would （ ） purchasing power and would undoubtedly constrain US economic growth.问题1选项A.

3、sootheB.squeezeC.stimulateD.scramble【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。soothe “安慰，使平和”；squeeze “挤，握紧”；stimulate “刺激”；scramble “抢夺，争夺”。句意：其结果将是更高的进口成本，这将意味着对美国消费者征税，最终会降低购买能力，毫无疑问会限制美国经济发展。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题That public figure was really （ ） for saying those things in public, even though people can understand him and see hi

4、s point of view on the matter.问题1选项A.behind the linesB.out of lineC.off the lineD.in his line【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。behind the lines “在后方；绳子的背后”，out of line “不协调，违规”，off the line “打完电话”，没有搭配in his line。句意：那位公众人物在公共场合说那些话真是不合规矩，尽管人们能理解他，也能看到他对这件事情的看法。选项B符合题意。4. 翻译题It is almost a commonplace that successful fo

5、reign policy must grow out of domestic political consensus. Certainly this is true in the United States with respect to environmental issues, where virtually every successful international regime has had its roots in U.S. domestic law. The most spectacular success-the Montreal ozone agreement-grew o

6、ut of the U. S. regulation of chlorofluorocarbons, the chief culprit in the destruction of the ozone layer, beginning with a ban on aerosol spray cans in the late 1970s. Other relatively successful international regimes-for example to limit oil pollution from tankers, to regulate trade in endangered

7、 species, and to control dangerous pesticides and chemicals-also built on U.S. efforts, rather than attempting to force the United States to change its ways through the pressure of an international regime.From the beginning, however, U.S. climate change policy followed a different path, focusing on

8、international rather than domestic measures.To some degree, this reflected the understandable reluctance of many governments to take domestic action without an assurance that others would follow suit. Given the global causes of climate change, if a country acts alone, it simply drives up its own cos

9、ts without making a meaningful dent in solving the problem. International action is necessary to make domestic climate policies effective.To a greater degree, however, the international focus of U.S. climate policy reflected a lack of domestic political will. Although polls consistently indicate tha

10、t Americans are concerned about climate change, climate change has until now never emerged as a major political issue in the United States. Come election time, education, social security and taxes have take precedence in voters minds. Indeed, climate change usually does not even crack the top three

11、environmental concerns-clean water, clean air and urban sprawl. As a result, climate activists have tended to view the international arena as a potentially more favorable forum.The only real attempt to enact binding domestic measures related to climate change occurred early in the Clinton Administra

12、tion, when Clinton proposed a broad-based energy tax as part of his first economic plan. Although Clinton billed the tax primarily as a revenue rather than a climate change measure and made it applicable to all energy sources, not just those that produce greenhouse gases, the tax would have discoura

13、ged greenhouse emissions by raising energy prices-and some climate change activists saw it in that light. In part, the focus on the international negotiations was driven by the inexorable momentum of the international climate agenda itself, with major meetings practically every year, which kept clim

14、ate change on the front burner. Ironically, these regular meetings-which are usually seen as a means of keeping pressure on states to act-helped give Clinton a comparatively easy way out politically. As the representative of the United States in international affairs, the administration could tempor

15、arily satisfy its environmental constituency by accepting strong national policies, without having to undertake the extremely difficult political work of convincing a conservative Congress to enact domestic legislation to reduce emissions.Of course, this approach could not work indefinitely, since i

16、nternational policies to combat global warming eventually require domestic implementation. But given the complexity and seemingly never-ending character of the negotiations, the international approach was able to buy considerable time for an administration reluctant to expend significant political c

17、apital at home to combat climate change.In doing so, administration officials could comfort themselves with the argument that they were making progress in the only way possible, by putting in place an international system that would be ready to use when America became serious about climate change.【答

18、案】当然，美国在环境问题上也是如此，几乎每一个成功的国际制度都植根于美国的国内法。在某种程度上，这反映出许多国家政府在不确定其他国家是否会效仿的情况下，不愿意采取国内行动，这是可以理解的。考虑到全球气候变化的原因，如果一个国家单独行动，只会导致成本增加，而不会取得实质性的进展。在选举期间，选民会优先考虑到教育、社会保障和税收。尽管克林顿将该税主要宣传为一项税收，而不是一项气候变化措施，并使其适用于所有能源，而不仅仅对于温室气体，但是本可以通过提高能源价格使税收抑制温室气体排放，而一些气候变化积极参与者正是从这个角度看问题的。在某种程度上，对国际谈判的关注是由国际气候日常工作本身不可阻挡的势头所

19、趋使的，几乎每年都会召开大型会议，这使气候变化问题处于首要地位。当然，这种方法不可能无限地发挥作用，因为对抗全球变暖的国际政策最终需要国内采取一些措施。这样一来，政策实施人员就可以安慰自己，说道他们正在以唯一可能的方式-建立一个国际体系的方法取得进展。一旦美国开始严肃对待气候变化问题时，就可以随时使用这个体系。5. 单选题That the material in the ads may not be pertinent to the real issues the candidate will be addressing once in office or what they might do

20、 on the real issues they might face is （ ）.问题1选项A.at all pointsB.beside the pointC.up to a pointD.to the point【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。at all points “在各方面”；beside the point “不中肯， 离题”；up to a point “在一定程度上”；to the point “中肯”。句意：广告中的内容可能与候选人在正式会议上要讨论的真正问题无关，或者与在他们可能面临的真正问题所处理的事情也不相关。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题On May 3, 1989,

21、 committal proceedings began in respect of six officers who were charged with conspiracy to （ ）the course of justice.问题1选项A.pervertB.perturbC.preventD.profane【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。pervert “使堕落，滥用”；perturb “扰乱，使不安”；prevent “预防，阻止”；profane “亵渎，玷污”。句意：1989年5月3日，拘押进程开始于六名官员，他们被控告共谋扰乱司法公正。选项B符合题意。7. 单选题There i

22、s no doubt that dishonest or （ ）acquisition of information is usually overwhelming evidence that information was confidential and not part of the defendants skill and knowledge.问题1选项A.blatantB.surreptitiousC.suspiciousD.conspicuous【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。blatant “喧嚣的，炫耀的”；surreptitious “秘密的”；suspicious “可疑

23、的”；conspicuous “显而易见的”。句意：毫无疑问，不诚实或秘密获取的信息通常是压倒性的证据，表明这种信息是机密的，不属于辩护人员技能和知识的一部分。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题If no acquisition was cognized as rightful even in a provisional way （ ） entering the civil condition, the civil condition itself would be impossible.问题1选项A.anterior beforeB.posterior toC.prior beforeD.prio

24、r to【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析和固定搭配。anterior“先前的”；posterior to“晚于”；prior to“居先”；prior“优先的”。句意：如果获取行为被认为是合理的，甚至是以暂时的方式提前申请民用条件，那么民用条件本身变得不可能。选项D符合题意。9. 单选题The Malaysian government announced in a written statement last week that the policy to restructure society （ ）in 1970 would come to an end by the end of the

25、 year.问题1选项A.to formulateB.to be formulatedC.as formulatedD.so as to formulate【答案】C【解析】语法题。根据题意，空格为后置定语，修饰前面的policy，和policy之间存在被动关系，所以选项A和D可排除。to be formulated“将要被制定”，as formulated“已经被制定的”。句意：马来西亚政府上周以书面形式宣布：1970年已经制定的调整社会的政策将于今年年底停止。选项C符合题意。10. 单选题（ ）he was in the United States as student studying

26、computer science, but in reality he was spying on Silicon Valley firms for Gun Dap Systems, his employer.问题1选项A.DisingenuouslyB.DiscretelyC.OfficiouslyD.Ostensibly【答案】D【解析】副词词义辨析。disingenuously “不诚实地”；discretely “离散地”；officiously“过分殷勤地，非官方地”；ostensibly “表面上，外表”。句意：表面上他在美国学习计算机科学，但实际上，他是在为他的雇主Gun Dap

27、 Systems监视硅谷的公司。选项D符合题意。11. 单选题Development programs initiated in the tribal-dominated areas often adversely affected the tribal way of life and economy, which was frequently followed by the （ ） on traditional tribal areas or land by non-tribals.问题1选项A.encroachmentB.expansionC.enormityD.elevation【答案】

28、A【解析】名词词义辨析。encroachment “入侵”；expansion “膨胀”；enormity “暴行”；elevation “提升，海拔”。句意：在部落占主导地位的地区开展的发展项目往往对部落的生活方式和经济产生不利影响，并且通常伴随着部落传统领地经常被其他外来种族入侵。选项A符合题意。12. 单选题Early research on attitudes assumed that they were casually related to behavior; that is, the attitudes people hold determine what they do. Co

29、mmon sense, too, suggests a relationship. Isnt it logical that people watch television programs they like, or that employees try to avoid assignments they find distasteful? However, in the late 1960s, this assumed effect of attitudes on behavior was challenged by a review of the research. One resear

30、cherLeon Festingerargued that attitudes follow behavior. Did you ever notice how people change what they say. so it doesnt contradict what they do? Perhaps a friend of yours has consistently argued that the quality of US cars isnt up to that of imports and that hed never own anything but a Japanese

31、or German car. But his dad gives him a late-model Ford Mustang, and suddenly US cars arent so bad. Festinger argued that these cases of attitude following behavior illustrate the effects of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance refers to any incompatibility an individual might perceive between

32、two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. Festinger argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that individuals will attempt to reduce the dissonance and, hence, the discomfort. They will seek a stable state, in which there is a minimum of dissonance. Research has gene

33、rally concluded that people seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior. They do this by altering either the attitudes or the behavior or by developing a rationalization for the discrepancy. Tobacco executives provide an example. How you might wonder do thes

34、e people cope with the ongoing barrage of data linking cigarette smoking and negative health outcomes? They can deny that any clear causation between smoking and cancer, for instance, has been established. They can brainwash themselves by continually articulating the benefits of tobacco. They can ac

35、knowledge the negative consequences of smoking, but rationalize that people are going to smoke and that tobacco companies merely promote freedom of choice. They can accept the research evidence and begin actively working to make less dangerous cigarettes or at least reduce their availability to more

36、 vulnerable groups, such as teenagers. Or they can quit their job because the dissonance is too great. No individual, of course, can completely avoid dissonance. You know that cheating on your income tax is wrong, but you “fudge” the numbers a bit every year and hope youre not audited. Or you tell y

37、our children to floss their teeth every day, but you dont. So how do people cope? Festinger would propose that the desire to reduce dissonance depends on the importance of the elements creating it and the degree of influence the individual believes he has over the elements; individuals will be more

38、motivated to reduce dissonance when the attitudes or behavior are important or when they believe that the dissonance is due to something they can control. A third factor is the rewards of dissonance; high rewards accompanying high dissonance tend to reduce the tension inherent in the dissonance beca

39、use they allow us to easily rationalize it. 1.The purpose of mentioning the TV programs people watch in the first paragraph is to show （ ）.2.Which of the following cases can illustrate “dissonance”？3.People seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior by doin

40、g many things EXCEPT by （ ）.4.The author wants to tell us （ ）by giving the example of tobacco executives.5.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?问题1选项A.that people hold different attitudes toward different TV programsB.that peoples attitudes determine their behavi

41、orsC.that peoples behaviors determine their attitudesD.that there exists a reversible relationship between peoples attitudes and their behaviors问题2选项A.Employees try to avoid assignments they find distastefi.il.B.A young man like Japanese cars, but his father buys him a US car.C.You know that cheatin

42、g on your income tax is wrong.D.You tell your children to floss their teeth every day, but you dont.问题3选项A.altering their attitudesB.altering their behaviorC.developing the rational discrepancyD.rationalizing the discrepancy问题4选项A.why so many people quit their jobsB.how people reduce the dissonanceC

43、how peoples attitudes determine their behaviorD.why peoples attitudes are inconsistent with their behavior问题5选项A.High rewards decrease peoples desire to reduce the dissonance.B.High rewards prompt people to reduce the dissonance.C.If people believe that the dissonance is due to something they can c

44、ontrol, the dissonance can be avoided.D.People are likely to get higher rewards, if they can rationalize their behavior【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，“the attitudes people hold determine what they do.”，可知作者的提出的一个观点是人们的态度决定了他们的行为。所以可推断接下来的例子都是用来进一步证明这个观点。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Festi

45、nger argued that these cases of attitude following behavior illustrate the effects of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance refers to any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.”，可知认知失调是指个体在两种或两种以上的态度之间或行为与态度之间所感知到的任何不一致。可推断d

46、issonance涉及到不一致的问题。所以告诉孩子用牙线但自己却不用，就体现了这种认知的不一致。选项D符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句，“They do this by altering either the attitudes or the behavior or by developing a rationalization for the discrepancy.”，可知他们会通过改变态度，或者改变行为，或者为这种差异找合理的解释来解决不一致的问题。所以C项“发展合理化的不一致”文章没有提及。选项C符合题意。4.推断题。文章第三段首先提到了人们解决不一致性问题的方法，下文举

47、出了烟草公司高管的例子，可推断作者用实例来进一步说明人们减少不一致性的具体方法。选项B符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“high rewards accompanying high dissonance tend to reduce the tension inherent in the dissonance”，可知高回报伴随着高失调，减少不一致的内在张力。所以高回报是可以降低人们减少不一致的欲望。选项A符合题意。同时可排除B选项。根据文章最后一段，“individuals will be more motivated to reduce dissonance when the attitudes or behavior are important or when they believe that the dissonance is due to something they can control.”，可知当态度或行为很重要，或者当他们认为这种不一致是由他们能够控制的事情造成时，个人会更有动力去减少这种不协调。可排除C选项。D选项提到如果人们能使自己的行为合理化，他们就有可能获得更高的回报，在文中并未提及。选项A符合题意。13. 翻译题