如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港课件.ppt

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1、如何撰写医药如何撰写医药SCI论文？论文？How to Write a Good SCI Paper on Medical&Pharmaceutical Research?Shi Zhixiang 如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港报告人简介BA/MA，国际会议同声翻译；中国药科大学国际交流合作处副处长、港澳台事务办公室副主任；中国药科大学药学英语教研室主任；国家规划教材药学英语（人民卫生出版社）主编、十二五规划教材分析化学实验（双语，科学出版社）主编；中国药科大学学报编委、全英文国际SCI药学期刊Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines(中国天然药物

2、)英文主审。多年来，主持中国药大“英语口译”（含同声翻译）精品课程，负责中国药科大学博士生How to Write in English for Publication in SCI-Indexed Pharmaceutical Journals（“药学SCI论文英语写作”）课程教学。如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港 Professor of English and simultaneous interpreter for international academic conferences,is the Director of the Department of Pharmace

3、utical English,the Deputy Director of the Office of International Exchange&Cooperation and the Deputy Director of the Office of Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan Affairs of CPU.He is chief compiler of Chinas top-level and nationwide textbooks of Pharmaceutical English(Peoples Medical Publishing House,2011)

4、and Analytical Chemistry Experiments(a bilingual laboratory workbook,Science Press,2012),member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of China Pharmaceutical University and the chief English language reviewer for SCI-indexed Chinese Journal of National Medicines,.As a teacher,Prof.Shi has been worki

5、ng at China Pharmaceutical University with both the undergraduate students of Pharmaceutical English in the key course of“General&Simultaneous Conference Interpreting”and the PhD candidates of Pharmaceutical Sciences in the leading course of“Writing in English for Publication in SCI-Indexed Pharmace

6、utical Journals”.如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港SCI收录医学相关学科（一）Allergy(过敏症)Anatomy&Morphology（解剖与形态学）Andrology（男科学）Anesthesiology（麻醉学）Behavioral Sciences（行为科学）Biochemical Research Methods（生物化学研究）Cardiac&Cardiovascular Systems(心脏与心血管系统)Cell&Tissue Engineering（细胞与组织工程）Chemistry,Medicinal（医学化学）Clinical Neurology

7、临床神经病学）Critical Care Medicine（急救医学）Dentistry,Oral Surgery&Medicine（牙医学，口腔外科与内科）Dermatology（皮肤病学）Emergency Medicine（急诊医学）Endocrinology&Metabolism（内分泌与新陈代谢）Engineering,Biomedical（生物医学工程）Gastroenterology&Hepatology（胃肠病学与肝脏学）Genetics&Heredity（遗传）Geriatrics&Gerontology（老年病学与老年医学）Health Care Sciences&Ser

8、vices（卫生保健科学与服务）Hematology（血液学）4如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港SCI收录医学相关学科（二）Immunology（免疫学）Infectious Diseases（传染病学）Integrative&Complementary Medicine（综合与补充医学）Medical Ethics（医学伦理学）Medical Informatics（医学信息学）Medical Laboratory Technology（医学实验研究技术）Medicine,General&Internal（内科）Medicine,Legal（法医学）Medicine,Resear

9、ch&Experimental（医学研究与实验）Microbiology（微生物学）Microscopy（显微镜学）Mycology（真菌学）Neuroimaging（神经影像学）Neurosciences（神经科学）Nursing（护理）Nutrition&Dietetics（营养学）Obstetrics&Gynecology（妇产科学）Oncology（肿瘤学）Ophthalmology（眼科学）Orthopedics（整形外科）Otorhinolaryngology（耳鼻喉）Parasitology（寄生虫学）Pathology（病理学）Pediatrics（小儿科）Peripheral

10、 Vascular Disease（周围性血管疾病）5如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港SCI收录医学相关学科（三）Pharmacology&Pharmacy（药理学）Physiology（生理学）Psychiatry（精神病学）Psychology（心理学）Public,Environmental&Occupational Health（职业保健）Radiology,Nuclear Medicine&Medical Imaging（放射学、核医学与医学影像）Rehabilitation（康复科学）Reproductive Biology（生殖生物学、再生生物学）Respirator

11、y System（呼吸系统）Rheumatology（风湿病学）Sport Sciences（运动科学）Substance Abuse（物质滥用、药物滥用）Surgery（外科学）Toxicology（毒理学）Transplantation（移植）Tropical Medicine（热带医学）Urology&Nephrology（泌尿与肾脏）Virology（病毒学）6如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港医药学论文英语写作中的语言问题How to Write a Medical and Pharmaceutical Research Paper in Good English?如何撰写

12、医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港加拿大恶性肿瘤预防控制概况 据估计,2011年加拿大新发恶性肿瘤病例约17.8万例,7.5万人死于恶性肿瘤,居加拿大死因首位。加拿大男性恶性肿瘤发病率近二十年来有所下降,肺癌发病率下降趋势较为明显,烟草控制效果开始显现;女性恶性肿瘤发病率则呈缓慢上升趋势,主要与女性肺癌、甲状腺癌和非霍奇金淋巴瘤的发病率上升有关。加拿大男性恶性肿瘤死亡率呈现逐步下降趋势,早期筛查和治疗水平的提高是主要原因,女性恶性肿瘤死亡率基本保持稳定。加拿大癌症控制计划（Canadian Strategy for Cancer Control,CSCC）为肿瘤防控机构和组织建立了纽带,通过

13、各地区和组织的协调行动,使得肿瘤防控更加高效,促进了加拿大的肿瘤防控工作。如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港Cancer Prevention and Control in Canada An estimated 178 000 new cases and 75 000 deaths of cancer are expected in Canada in 2011.Cancer is the leading cause of death in Canada.Among males,the overall cancer incidence rate declined over the

14、past twenty years,especially in lung cancer,which reflects the effect of tobacco control.Among females,the overall cancer incidence rate has been increasing slowly because of increases in incidence rates for lung cancer,thyroid cancer and non-Hodgkins lymphoma.The cancer mortality rate in males has

15、been declining slowly because of early screening and improved treatment,while the mortality rate has remained relatively stable in females.Canadian Strategy for Cancer Control（CSCC）established a bridge among cancer stakeholders.The CSCC has encouraged the cancer control community in Canada work toge

16、ther to take into action.This efficient and resource-saved approach will accelerate the ability of advancing and sustaining the cancer control in Canada.如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港语言的规范:Writing in Better EnglishAn estimated 178 000 new cases and 75 000 deaths of cancer are expected in Canada in 2011.Canc

17、er is the leading cause of death in Canada.改成：An estimated 178,000 new cases and 75,000 deaths of cancer are expected in Canada in 2011,with cancer being the leading cause of death in the country.如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港语言的规范:Writing in Better EnglishAmong males,the overall cancer incidence rate decli

18、ned over the past twenty years,especially in lung cancer,which reflects the effect of tobacco control.Among females,the overall cancer incidence rate has been increasing slowly because of increases in incidence rates for lung cancer,thyroid cancer and non-Hodgkins lymphoma.改成：The overall rate of can

19、cer incidence for males declined over the past two decades,especially in lung cancer,due to the effort of tobacco control;yet for females,it has been increasing slowly because of the higher incidence rates for lung cancer,thyroid cancer and non-Hodgkins lymphoma.如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港语言的规范:Writing i

20、n Better EnglishThe cancer mortality rate in males has been declining slowly because of early screening and improved treatment,while the mortality rate has remained relatively stable in females.改成：The cancer mortality rate for males has been declining slowly thanks to early screening and improved tr

21、eatment,while that for females has remained relatively unchanged.如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港语言的规范:Writing in Better EnglishCanadian Strategy for Cancer Control（CSCC）established a bridge among cancer stakeholders.The CSCC has encouraged the cancer control community in Canada work together to take into act

22、ion.This efficient and resource-saved approach will accelerate the ability of advancing and sustaining the cancer control in Canada.改成：A bridge among cancer stakeholders has been established by CSCC,the Canadian Strategy for Cancer Control,which has been calling for more joint efforts from different

23、 organizations in the cancer control community to take more effective measures so as to further promote the prevention and control of cancers in Canada.如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港SCISCI论文类型论文类型uResearch ArticleuLetter(Report,Short Article,Communication)uReview(Perspective,Comment,Viewpoint)uEditorialuCas

24、e ReportuCorrespondence(To editor,Letter)如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港SCI论文的分类实验性论文1引言2 实验方法3 实验结果（数据）4 对实验结果的分析5 结论 如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港SCI论文的分类报道性论文（报道某一项科学发现，这一发现不是通过实验、而是通过野外调查发现的）1引言2 研究区概况3 对所发现的现象的叙述4 解释5 科学意义6.结论 如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港SCI论文的分类理论性论文（提出一项理论或计算方法）1引言2 理论的提出（推导、证明）3 理论的验证（如理论模型的率定）4

25、理论的应用（算例，或应用意义）5 结论 如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港SCI论文的分类综述性论文综述某一领域中的最新进展，应该有述有评，而不只是前人工作的罗列；要有综述者自己的观点和对他人工作的评价，指出不足之处和解决问题的设想，以及今后的研究方向；该归纳出几个热点或前沿问题，展开叙述，不要像记流水帐似的，面面俱到；既要大量占有文献，又要有所取舍，突出精华，要对文献仔细消化之后再动笔，切忌机械罗列。要有对未来发展的展望，对他人的研究起到指导作用；尽量引用最新的工作，体现出时效性；尽可能阅读原始文献 如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港科技论文的结构科技论文的结构n 论文题

26、名n 作者姓名+通讯地址n 摘要+关键词n 引言n 材料与方法n 结果n 讨论与结论n 致谢n 参考文献学位论文的结构学位论文的结构n 论文题名论文题名n 摘要摘要n 致谢致谢n 目录目录n 引言引言n 文献综述文献综述n 方法方法n 结果结果n 讨论讨论n 结论结论n 参考文献参考文献如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港语言的规范:Writing in Better EnglishWriting in Correct English First Step to TakeWriting in a Professional Manner Easier Said than DoneTitl

27、es Brief yet to the PointAbstract Easy Way to SuccessIntroduction Well Begun is Half DoneMaterials and Methods Where to StartResults and Discussion Writing with CautiousnessConclusion Always ImportantAcknowledgements Always IndispensableLetters of Communication with the Journal Paving the Way toward

28、s PublicationPractice through Error-Correction Making Progress Progressively如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港论文主体构思论文主体构思nMaterials and methodsnResultsnIntroductionnDiscussionWhy？How？What？Interpretation如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港IntroductionIntroduction撰写撰写u围绕围绕WHY展开（展开（有逻辑性，证据、解读相结合！有逻辑性，证据、解读相结合！）u研究背景（研究背景（疾病特性、

29、重要性、本研究关键相关点疾病特性、重要性、本研究关键相关点）u研究进展（研究进展（最新的、重要的科学、技术进展，科学问题，最新的、重要的科学、技术进展，科学问题，注重挑选、切记保罗万象！注重挑选、切记保罗万象！）u研究假设（研究假设（相对具体相对具体）、拟解决方案（）、拟解决方案（简要说明简要说明）如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港IntroductionIntroduction撰写撰写Papers of all kinds include an introduction.Generally speaking,the introduction concisely describes

30、the purpose of the investigation and should tell the reader(s)why this work was done.You should briefly review past research on the problem with enough background information to orient the reader(this is usually accomplished by a literature search of published materials).A good introduction first su

31、mmarizes the most important current knowledge in the area.The background information included must be appropriately referenced.You might first discuss the general problem or theory pertaining to the problem you are studying,and then discuss the topic more specifically to the group,species,or specifi

32、c area you are researching.You should conclude the introduction with a statement of the problem(the hypothesis)you have investigated.State the specific question(s)you are attempting to answer,the general method used,and how your investigation will help clarify or expand the knowledge in the general

33、area.One function of the introduction is to briefly tell the reader what to expect in the paper.As a writer,one of your main purposes in writing this part of the paper is to interest the readers about the subject of your current work.By the way,try to avoid jargons and abbreviations in this section

34、of the paper.Mostly,it is easier to write the introduction after completing the rest of the paper.如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港引言适度铺陈研究的相关背景知识作为正文的开篇，引言的质量决定了读者对论文的第一印象，因此，在引言中如何表达作者的研究背景和目的，并引起读者的阅读兴趣就显得非常重要，即简洁而清楚地解释：为什么要选这个论题？这个论题为什么重要?目的是引导读者进入论文的主题。引言是说明论文的写作背景、理由、主要研究成果及其与前人工作的关系。基本内容应该包括研究背景、存在问题、和研

35、究目的等三个方面。如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港引言引言包含四个元素，或者说四个组成部分。1，研究领域。是与本研究工作的有关的背景介绍。正确地估计研究课题的意义。应用背景。也就是为什么要做这项工作。例如在基础研究方面有何新意，有何应用前景。课题的意义估计不足，说明作者的知识水平不高，估计过分则显得不够严谨。2，前人工作。是详尽，全面地介绍以前的相关工作。我们必须充分地阐述前人包括作者自己已经做过的相关工作，以及和本论文的联系。这一点需要引起特别的重视。有人以为讲很多其他人的工作并引用许多文献会降低本论文的重要性，原创性。实际效果常常相反。没有充分阐述研究工作的背景，不引用与本论文

36、相关的重要文献，审稿人至少会认为作者阅读文献不够。如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港引言3，问题所在。指出在相关领域尚待研究的，也是本文准备涉及的问题。但是不要过分地批评他人的工作。4,本文贡献。在引言部分要将本论文的要点简洁明了地用一，二句话点出来，以便读者在读论文主体前已经有一个大概的印象，这篇论文将围绕什么主题来讨论。一篇论文值得发表，一定具有新的结果。一定是具有和任何前人所作工作不同的地方。最后，我们必须强调，引言一定要用自己的话来写，而不是将人家论文中的引言部分照抄一遍。如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港Materials and MethodsMaterials

37、 and Methods撰写撰写围绕如何回答所提围绕如何回答所提科学问题科学问题或检验或检验研究假设研究假设展开展开u研究设计研究设计（病例（病例-对照、队列、临床实验；前瞻、回顾）对照、队列、临床实验；前瞻、回顾）u研究对象研究对象（来源、纳入排除标准、样本量）（来源、纳入排除标准、样本量）u研究方法研究方法（资料收集、样本采集、检测方法、质控手段）（资料收集、样本采集、检测方法、质控手段）u统计分析统计分析（变量定义、指标计算、统计方法、分析工具）（变量定义、指标计算、统计方法、分析工具）技巧：技巧：可采用亚标题、引用文献、过去式描述可采用亚标题、引用文献、过去式描述如何撰写医药学SCI论

38、文史志祥0104连云港Not all types of papers include a Materials and Methods section.For example,research-oriented reviews,book-recommending reviews or conference reports do not include detailed descriptions of methods because such reviews usually do not involve the conduction of experiments.Generally speakin

39、g,through this part of the paper,the authors attempt to provide the readers with sufficient amount of details of the experiment so that the lab work can be repeated.With regard to the materials,their sources and purities(for chemicals and reagents)with much precision must be defined;plants,animals,m

40、icroorganisms and cell lines must be specified;isolation,extraction,identification and purification procedures should be described and ethical protocols for both animal and human research must be followed.Methods should be described in detail if it is uncommon or unknown to the readers,be outlined b

41、riefly with a reference if a particular method is well-described elsewhere,yet be only referred to if it has been well-established.Statistical methods in the analysis of data should be stated clearly without lengthy descriptions except when necessary.Write the Methods section in the past tense.It sh

42、ould not be written as if it were directions in a laboratory manual;therefore,do not make a list of materials or give instructions on how to do something.Materials and Methods撰写撰写如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港ResultsResults撰写撰写围绕所开展研究发现的结果（图、表）展开围绕所开展研究发现的结果（图、表）展开u中心思想：中心思想：回答科学问题或可研假说回答科学问题或可研假说u展开顺序：展开顺序

43、逻辑顺序、时间顺序、主次顺序逻辑顺序、时间顺序、主次顺序u展开方式：展开方式：简明扼要、循序渐进、前后衔接、段落明确简明扼要、循序渐进、前后衔接、段落明确u结果与方法相对应：结果与方法相对应：样本量、重要指标、统计量（样本量、重要指标、统计量（P）u图表相结合：图表相结合：前后一致，重点介绍、相应补充前后一致，重点介绍、相应补充技巧：技巧：可用亚标题、过去式、主动式（可用亚标题、过去式、主动式（We）为主、不）为主、不引用文献、客观描述、不实施讨论引用文献、客观描述、不实施讨论如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港Results撰写撰写In this section,you prese

44、nt the data in a straightforward manner with no analysis of the reasons the results occurred or the biological meaning of the data(these comments are reserved for the Discussion).However,you should interpret the data(preferably statistically),highlight significant data and point out patterns,correla

45、tions,and generalizations that emerge.Also write this section using the past tense.Data are generally organized into tables and/or figures(graphs).Tables and figures must be accompanied by a caption and be referred to in the text.A Results section that includes only a table or a figure and no text i

46、s not acceptable.Unreduced,unsummarized,or“raw”data should not be included.The text describes the results presented in tables and figures,calling attention to significant data discussed later in the report.Do not repeat what is already clear to the reader from reviewing the tables and figures,which,

47、if well constructed,will show both the results and experimental design.Summarize data in a form that allows the reader to easily see any correlations,relationships,or patterns that are important.Typical forms for doing this are tables and figures.Tables are made when it is important that specific va

48、lues are shown(i.e.means,standard deviations,etc.).Figures are made when it is more important to show trends or relationships of data.Certain requirements,however,must be met:如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港DiscussionDiscussion撰写撰写围绕研究结果展开围绕研究结果展开u结果解读：结果解读：归纳总结、旁征博引、演绎推断归纳总结、旁征博引、演绎推断u阐明意义：阐明意义：解决何种问题、有何挑战解决

49、何种问题、有何挑战u批判推广：批判推广：研究局限性、偏倚，研究结果可靠及推广程研究局限性、偏倚，研究结果可靠及推广程度、下一步研究方向度、下一步研究方向u谨慎作结：谨慎作结：针对结果、不拓展、不推断，与前文一致！针对结果、不拓展、不推断，与前文一致！技巧：阅读文献技巧：阅读文献如何撰写医药学SCI论文史志祥0104连云港Discussion撰写撰写Through this section,you intend to explain the meaning of the results,giving particular attention to the problem or hypothesi

50、s posed in the Introduction.You should address physical,chemical,and biological factors that may have affected the results.The way the results came out may be advantageous or disadvantageous to the biological system being considered(e.g.,cell,organism)and you should discuss this.To do this competent