2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷52附答案带详解.docx

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1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题The Supreme Court ruled last week that a group of employees suing for age discrimination should get their day in court even though they filed their complaint on the wrong form. The decision is noteworthy because it suggests that this court could be pulling b

2、ack from what has often seemed like a knee-jerk inclination to rule for corporations over workers and customers.Group of couriers over the age of 40 sued Federal Express, claiming it tried to push out older workers. The issue was whether they submitted a proper complaint to the Equal Employment Oppo

3、rtunity Commission within the legal time limit. FedEx claimed the couriers filed the wrong form, but the court ruled, 7 to 2, that an intake questionnaire and a signed affidavitwhich the E.E.O.C. considered a valid complaintmet its permissive standard for what was acceptable.It is surprising and wel

4、come to see the court apply any sort of permissive standard, considering how it ruled in a similar case just last year. Through a tortured and illogical reading of the law, the court ruled, 5 to 4, that a Goodyear employee missed the deadline for filing a complaint that she was paid less than male c

5、olleagues.That was one of a series of rulings in recent years that stretched the law to come out against little-guy parties. In one egregious decision last year, the court ignored its precedents to hold that an inmate lost the right to challenge his murder conviction because he missed a deadline eve

6、n though he had filed the appeal by the day the federal district judge (mistakenly) told him to.The FedEx ruling could be an aberration, or it could mark a new direction. The justices may have been chastened by the enormous criticism of the Goodyear ruling from Congress and the public. (The House ha

7、s passed a bill reversing it, and the Senate may soon follow.) They may also be reactingas the court has been known to doto shifting political winds. Voters in this election year do not appear to favor the blind deference to corporate power that has been a theme of the last seven years.It would be a

8、 mistake to read too much into one decision. There is certainly evidence the court will not easily shake its undue solicitude for the problems of corporations. One example came last week, in Exxons challenge to a $2.5 billion punitive damages award against it arising out of the Exxon Valdez oil spil

9、l.Chief Justice John Roberts, who once practiced corporate law, asked, So what can a corporation do to protect itself against punitive damages awards such as this? The court has been on a campaign to strike down large awards of punitive damages against corporations, but the lawyer for the oil spills

10、 victims, Professor Jeffrey Fisher of Stanford Law School, had the answer: It can hire fit and competent people.1.What could be inferred from the first paragraph of this passage?2.In the second paragraph, the author uses the example of FedEx couriers case to （ ）.3.The word egregious in the fourth pa

11、ragraph most probably means （ ）.4. From the last two paragraphs, we can draw the conclusion that （ ）.5.The authors attitude towards the courts verdict in the FedEx case seems to be （ ）问题1选项A.The Supreme Court seemed likely to support the employees.B.Courts seemed likely to rule for companies over wo

12、rkers and consumers.C.A group of employees failed on their accusation because they filed their complaint on the wrong form.D.A group of workers got their holidays from the verdict of the Supreme Court.问题2选项A.show it is surprising that the court applied any sort of permissive standardB.express that t

13、he public welcome the application of any sort of permissive standard by the court.C.show that FedEx tried to push out old workersD.indicate that the court has changed some conventions问题3选项A.extremely badB.very similarC.extravagantD.quite noticeable问题4选项A.the court has been on a campaign to protect t

14、he corporationsB.the court has been on a campaign to verdict for workers and consumersC.the court will not easily give up its solicitude for the problems of the companiesD.the court will still verdict for the companies regardless of the FedEx case问题5选项A.cautiously optimisticB.suspiciousC.dissatisfie

15、dD.indifferent【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，“this court could be pulling back from what has often seemed like a knee-jerk inclination to rule for corporations over workers and customers.”，可知最高法院可能会撤回一种下意识的倾向，转而为企业而非员工和客户做出裁决。可推断出法院似乎会支持员工。选项A符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第三段第一句，“It is surprising a

16、nd welcome to see the court apply any sort of permissive standard, considering how it ruled in a similar case just last year.”，可知考虑到最高法院去年在一起类似案件中是如何做出裁决的，它会采用任何一种宽容的标准，这令人惊讶，也令人欢迎。又因为此句是对第二段内容的一个总结和衔接，可推断出第二段联邦快递的例子就是为了证明此观点，法院竟然采用了一种宽容的标准，这是令人惊讶的。选项A符合题意。3.词义理解题。根据文章第四段，“In one egregious decision

17、last year, the court ignored its precedents to hold that an inmate lost the right to challenge his murder conviction because he missed a deadline”，可知在去年的一项过分的裁决中，最高法院忽视其判例，认定一名囚犯因为错过了最后期限而失去了对谋杀罪提出质疑的权利。可判断出egregious是一个消极意义的单词，意为“极坏的，糟糕的，过分的”。选项A符合题意。4.推断题。A和D项都是对联邦例子细节上的描写和体现，并不是一个总结，可排除。根据文章最后一段，“

18、The court has been on a campaign to strike down large awards of punitive damages against corporations”，可知法院在进行一场运动，以废除对公司的巨额惩罚性赔偿，而且下文提到公司可以雇佣更加有能力的人，可判断出法院并没有一直做出有利于员工和消费者的裁决，选项B可排除。根据文章第六段，“It would be a mistake to read too much into one decision. There is certainly evidence the court will not eas

19、ily shake its undue solicitude for the problems of corporations.”，可知对一个判决进行过分解读是错误的，有确凿的证据表明，法院不会轻易动摇它对公司问题的过分关注。可推断出法院不会轻易放弃对公司问题的关注。选项C符合题意。5.推断题。根据全文，可知作者对法院之前的裁决表现出不认同的态度，根据文章第三段，“It is surprising and welcome to see the court apply any sort of permissive standard”，可知联邦快递事件的裁决运用了宽容标准，是令人惊讶并且受人欢迎的

20、但第五段第一句又提到对于本事件的裁决也可能标志着一个新的方向。可推断出作者对联邦快递事件的法院判决的态度似乎是持怀疑态度的。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题On May 3, 1989, committal proceedings began in respect of six officers who were charged with conspiracy to （ ）the course of justice.问题1选项A.pervertB.perturbC.preventD.profane【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。pervert “使堕落，滥用”；perturb “扰乱，使不安”；

21、prevent “预防，阻止”；profane “亵渎，玷污”。句意：1989年5月3日，拘押进程开始于六名官员，他们被控告共谋扰乱司法公正。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题During the preparation of papers for seminars, I had to face the conscious problem of writing about a system （ ）silence and links such reticence to ideas of respect, order, and discipline in an all-encompassing pate

22、rnalism.问题1选项A.what I know prefersB.which I know prefersC.that I know preferringD.in which I know to prefer【答案】D【解析】语法题。根据题意，空格引导定语从句，先行词为system，由固定搭配in a system “在系统里”，选项D符合题意。句意：在为研讨会准备论文的过程中，我不得不有意识地描写一个系统，在这个系统里面，我更愿意保持沉默，将这种沉默与“尊重”、“秩序”和“纪律”等概念联系在一起，形成了一种无所不包的家长式作风。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题Looking at hist

23、ory from our unique perspective, well naturally （ ） the powerful example set by the American Revolution.问题1选项A.remind thatB.be reminded thatC.remind ofD.be reminded of【答案】D【解析】固定搭配和语法。根据空格后“the powerful example set by the American Revolution”，可知这不是一个句子，所以不需要用that引导。选项A和B可排除。又因为固定搭配 “remind sb. of st

24、h.” 使某人想起，sb. 和remind之前存在被动关系。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题The method of science does not seek to impose the desires and hopes of men upon the flux of things in a capricious manner. It may indeed be employed to satisfy the desires of men. But its successful use depends upon seeking, in a deliberate manner, and irr

25、espective of what mens desires are, to recognize, as well as to take advantage of, the structure which the flux possesses.Consequently, scientific method aims to discover what the facts truly are, and the use of the method must be guided by the discovered facts. But, as we have repeatedly pointed ou

26、t, what the facts are cannot be discovered without reflection. Knowledge of the facts cannot be equated to the brute immediacy of our sensations. When our skin comes into contact with objects having high temperatures or with liquid air, the immediate experiences may be similar. We cannot, however, c

27、onclude without error that the temperatures of the substances touched are the same. Sensory experience sets the problem of knowledge, just because such experience is immediate and finally it must become informed by reflective analysis before knowledge can be said to take place.Every inquiry arises f

28、rom some felt problem, so that no inquiry can even get under way unless some selection or sifting of the subject matter has taken place. Such selection requires, we have been urging all along, some hypothesis, preconception, prejudice, which guides the research as well as delimits the subject matter

29、 of inquiry. Every inquiry is specific in the sense that it has a definite problem to solve, and such solution terminates the inquiry. It is idle to collect “facts unless there is a problem upon which they are supposed to bear.The ability to formulate problems whose solution may also help solve othe

30、r problems is a rare gift, requiring extraordinary genius. The problems which meet us in daily life can be solved, if they can be solved at all, by the application of scientific method. But such problems do not, as a rule, raise far-reaching issues. The most striking applications of scientific metho

31、d are to be found in the various natural and social sciences.The “facts” for which every inquiry reaches out are propositions for whose truth there is considerable evidence. Consequently what the “facts” are must be determined by inquiry, and cannot be determined antecedently to inquiry. Moreover, w

32、hat we believe to be the facts clearly depends upon the stage of our inquiry. There is therefore no sharp line dividing facts from guesses or hypotheses. During any inquiry the status of a proposition may change from that of hypothesis to that of fact, or from that of fact to that of hypothesis. Eve

33、ry so-called fact, therefore, may be challenged for the evidence upon which it is asserted to be a fact, even though no such challenge is actually made.1.The best title for this passage might be （ ）.2.The phrase “irrespective of” in the passage is closest in meaning to （ ）.3.The author mentioned “Wh

34、en our skinbe similar” in order to show that （ ）.4.Which of the following statements can best paraphrase the last sentence “It is idle, to bear” in Paragraph 3?5.All of the following statements are TRUE EXCEPT that （ ）.问题1选项A.Hypotheses and Scientific MethodB.Evidence and Scientific MethodC.Facts an

35、d Scientific MethodD.System in the Ideal of Science问题2选项A.regardless ofB.irrelevant toC.regardingD.as regards问题3选项A.the discovery of true facts could not occur without theoretical analysisB.all immediate experiences are important for scientific methodC.the facts are based on the immediate experience

36、sD.knowledge of the facts cannot take place without our sensations问题4选项A.Facts can be effectively collected before we can feel some problem bearing on them.B.Collecting facts should rely on some hypotheses.C.There is no use in collecting facts if there is no possibility of formulating a problem base

37、d on them.D.It is worthy to collect facts if there is no problem to which they are probably related.问题5选项A.without careful thoughts we cannot discover the real factsB.facts would not appear if there were no theoretical analysis and interpretationC.it is not difficult for people to distinguish the fa

38、cts from guessesD.it is tough for people to formulate problems that may lead to scientific inquiry【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨题。根据文章第二段，“scientific method aims to discover what the facts truly are, and the use of the method must be guided by the discovered facts.”，可知科学方法的目的是发现事实的真相，方法的使用必须以

39、发现的事实为指导。概述了了科学方法和事实之间的关系。后面的文段对这个话题进行了详细讨论和阐述。所以本文的主题就是事实和科学方法。详细C符合题意。2.词义理解题。根据文章第一段，“But its successful use depends upon seeking, in a deliberate manner, and irrespective of what mens desires are, to recognize, as well as to take advantage of, the structure which the flux possesses.”，可知科学方法的成功使用

40、取决于以深思熟虑的方式，且不在考虑人的欲望的情况下，去识别和利用变迁的结构。所以人们的欲望是不被考虑的。regardless of意思是不管，不顾。选项A符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章第二段，“Knowledge of the facts cannot be equated to the brute immediacy of our sensations.”，可知对事实的理解不能等同于我们感觉的无理的直接性。再根据第二段最后一句，“Sensory experience sets the problem of knowledge, just because such experience is

41、immediate and finally it must become informed by reflective analysis before knowledge can be said to take place.”，可知感觉经验产生了知识问题，因为这种经验是直接的，最后它必须通过反思分析才能促使知识的产生。所以作者用皮肤接触高温物体和液态空气的例子来说明没有理论分析就不能发现事实的道理。选项A符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章第三段，“It is idle to collect “facts unless there is a problem upon which they are s

42、upposed to bear.”，可知收集“事实”是徒劳的，如果它们没有承载特定的需要被研究的问题。可推断出如果没有可能在收集事实的基础上提出问题，那么收集事实就没有任何用处。选项C符合题意。5.推断题。根据文章第二段，“what the facts are cannot be discovered without reflection.”，可推断出没有反思就不可能发现事实，选项A可排除。根据文章第二段，“because such experience is immediate and finally it must become informed by reflective analysi

43、s before knowledge can be said to take place.”，可推断出因为这样的经验是直接的，最后必须通过反思分析来获得知识。选项B可排除。根据文章第四段，“The ability to formulate problems whose solution may also help solve other problems is a rare gift, requiring extraordinary genius.”，可知解决问题的能力可能也有助于解决其他问题，这需要非凡的天赋。可推断出人们很难提出科学可探究的问题。选项D可排除。根据文章最后一段，“There

44、 is therefore no sharp line dividing facts from guesses or hypotheses.”，可知事实与猜测或假设之间没有明显的界限。可推断出人们很难区分事实与猜测，选项C与原文不符，选项C符合题意。6. 单选题The accusations we bring against others should be （ ） ourselves; we should not complacency and easy judgments on our part concerning our own moral conduct.问题1选项A.denigra

45、tion of excludeB.instructions to. equateC.parodies of. satirizeD.warnings to. justify【答案】D【解析】固定搭配和动词词义辨析。denigration of “低毁”；exclude “排除”；instructions “指令，说明”；equate “使相等”；parodies of “效仿”；satirize “讽刺，挖苦”； warnings to “警告”；justify “证明是正当的”。句意：我们对他人的指责应该是对自己的一种警告；我们不应该自满，也不应该对我们自己的道德行为轻易地做出判断。选项D符合

46、题意。7. 单选题Besides those I have named, there was not in Britain the man living whom I （ ）, unless it were the Duke of Wellington, whom I afterwards saw at Westminster Abbey, at the funeral of Wilberforce.问题1选项A.cared for beholdingB.cared to beholdC.cared to be beheldD.cared for being beheld【答案】B【解析】语法

47、和固定搭配。care to do sth. “想做某事，愿意做某事”;care for “关心，喜欢”；behold “看，看见”。根据句子结构，可知空格中应该填入定语从句的谓语，先行词为the man，关系代词为whom，the man和behold之间是主动关系，选项C和D可排除。句意：除了我所提到的那些人以外，在英国没有一个活着的人是我所愿意见到的，除非是Wellington,公爵，我后来在威伯福斯的葬礼上在威斯敏斯特大教堂见到了他。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题Just as the United States must change, so too must those economies that have previously relied on exports （ ） weaknesses in their own demand.问题1选项A.to offsetB.by offsettingC.in offsettingD.offsetting【答案】A【解析】固定搭配。根据固定搭配rely on sth. to do “依靠做某事”，句意：正如美国必须做出的改变一样，那些经济体以前也依赖出口来找消除内需不足的弱点。选项A符合题意。9. 单选题