存储器子系统的组成与接口.docx
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1、6Ll9/9/6007附录10:英文原文MemorySubsystemOrganizationandInterfacingInthissectionweexaminetheconstructionandfunctionsofthememorysubsystemofacomputer.Wereviewthedifferenttypesofphysicalmemoryandtheinternalorganizationoftheirchips.Wediscusstheconstructionofthememorysubsystem,aswellasmultibytewordorganization
2、sandadvancedmemoryorganizations.1 TypesofMemoryTherearetwotypesofmemorychips;readonlymemory(ROM)andrandomaccessmemory(RAM).ReadOnlyMemory(ROM)chipsaredesignedforapplicationsinwhichdataisonlyread.(Thisdatacanincludeprograminstructions.)Thesechipsareprogrammedwithdatabyanexternalprogrammingunitbeforet
3、heyareaddedtothecomputersystem.Oncethisisdone,thedatausuallydoesnotchange.AROMchipalwaysretainsitsdata,evenwhenpowertothechipisturnedoff.Asanexample,anembeddedcontrollerforamicrowaveovenmightcontinuouslyrunoneprogramthatdoesnotchange.ThatprogramwouldbestoredinaROM.RandomAccessMemory(RAM),alsocalledr
4、ead/writememory,canbeusedtostoredatathatchange.ThisisthetypeofmemoryreferredtoasXMBofmemoryinadsforPCs.UnlikeROM,RAMchipslosetheirdataoncepowerisshutoff.Manycomputersystem,includingpersonalcomputers,includebothROMandRAM.2 InternalChipOrganizationTheinternalorganizationsofROMandRAMchipsaresimilar.Toi
5、llustratethesimplestorganization,alinearorganization,consideran8x2ROMchip.Forsimplicity,programmingcomponentsarenotshownoThischiphasthreeaddressinputsandtwodataoutputs,and16bitsofinternalstoragearrangedaseight2-bitlocations.Thethreeaddressbitsaredecodedtoselectoneoftheeightlocations,butonlyifthechip
6、enableisactive.IfCE=O,thedecoderiddisabledandnolocationisselected.Thetri-statebuffersforthatlocationscellsareenabled,allowingdatatopasstotheoutputbuffers.IfbothCEandOEsetto1,thesebuffersareenabledandthedataisoutputfromthechip;otherwisetheoutputsaretri-stated.Asthenumberofthelocationsincreases,thesiz
7、eoftheaddressdecoderneededinalinearorganizationbecomesprohibitivelylarge.Toremedythisproblem,thememorychipcanbedesignedusingmultipledimensionsofdecoding.Inlargememorychips,thissavingscanbesignificant.Considera4096xlchip.Thelinearorganizationwillrequirea12to4096decoder,thesizeofwhichisproportionaltot
8、henumberofoutputs.(Thesizeofannto2ndecoderidthussaidtobeO(2n).)Ifthechipisorganizedasa64x64twodimensionalarrayinstead,itwillhavetwo6to64decoders:onetoselectoneofthe64rowsandtheothertoselectoneofthe64cellswithintherow.Thesizeofthedecodersisproportionalto2x64,orO(2x2l72)=O(2l72+1).Forthischip,thetwode
9、coderstogetherareabout3percentofthesizeoftheonelargedecoder.3 MemorySubsystemConfigurationItisveryeasytosetupamemorysystemthatconsistsofasinglechip.Wesimpleyconnecttheaddress,data,andcontrolsignalsfromtheirsystembusesandthejobisdone.However,mostmemorysystemsrequiremorethanonechip.Followingaresomemet
10、hodsforcombiningmemorychipstoformamemorysubsystem.Twoormorechipscanbecombinedtocreatememorywithmorebitsperlocation.Thisisdonebyconnectingthecorrespondingaddressandcontrolsignalsofthechips,andconnectingtheirdatapinstodifferentbitsofthedatabus.Forexample,two8x2chipscanbecombinedtocreatean8x4memory,ass
11、howninFigure2-4.Bothchipsreceivethesamethreeaddressinputsfromthebus,aswellasthesamechipenableandoutputenablesignals.(Fornowitisonlyimportanttoknowthatthesignalsarethesameforbothchips;weshowthelogictogeneratethesesignalsshortly.)Thedatapinsofthefirstchipareconnectedtobits3and2ofthedatabus,andthoseoft
12、heotherchipareconnectedtobits1and0.D3D2D3D2Figure4An8x4memorysubsystemconstructedfromtwo8x2ROMChipsWhentheCPUreadsdata,itplacestheaddressontheaddressbus.BothchipsreadinaddressbitsA2,Al,andAoandperfonntheirinternaldecoding.IftheCEandOEsignalsareactivated,thechipsoutputtheirdataontothefombitsofthedata
13、bus.Sincetheaddressandenablesignalsarethesameforbothchips,eitherbothchipsorneitherchipisactiveatanygiventime.Thecomputerneverhasonlyoneofthetwoactive.Forthisreason,theyactjustasasingle8x4chip,atleastasfarastheCPUisconcerned.Insteadofcreatingwiderwords,chipscanbecombinedtocreatemorewords.Thesametwo8x
14、2chipscouldinsteadbeconfiguredasa16x2memorysubsystem.ThisisillustratedinFigure2-5(八).Theupperchipisconfiguredas,memorylocationsOto7(0000toOIII)andthelowerchipaslocations8to15(100Oto11II).TheupperchipalwayshasA3=OandthelowerchiphasA3=I.Thisdifferenceisusedtoselectoneofthetwochips.WhenA3=0,theupperchi
15、pisenabledandthelowerchipisdisabled;whenA3=1,theoppositeoccurs.(Asshowninthefigure9otherconditionsmustalsooccurorneitherchipwillbeselected.)Theoutputenablescanbeconnected,sinceonlythechipthatisenabledwilloutputdata.Sincebothchipscorrespondtothesamedatabits,bothareconnectedtoDIandDoofthedatabus.Thisc
16、onfigurationuseshigh-orderinterleaving.Allmemorylocationswithinachiparecontiguouswithinsystemmemory.However,thisdoesnothavetobethecase.ConsidertheconfigurationshowninFigure2-5(b),whichuseslow-orderinterleaving.TheupperchipisenabledwhenAO=OorbyaddressesXXXO,inthiscase0,2,4,6,8,10,12,and14.Thelowerchi
17、pisenabledwhen.A0=l,whichistrueforaddresses1,3,5,7,9,11,13and15.BothlookthesametotheCPU,butlow-orderinterleavingcanoffersomespeedadvantagesforpipelinedmemoryaccess,andforCPUsthatcanreaddatafrommorethanonememorylocationsimultaneously.DlDO(八)high-orderinterleaving(b)low-orderinterleavingFigure5A16x2me
18、morysubsystemconstructedfromtwo8x2ROMChipsThenextstepinthesedesignsistodeveloptheCEorOEinputlogic.Ofthese,theoutputenableismorestraightforward.TheCPUgenerallyoutputsacontrolsignalcalledRDorRD,orsomethingsimilar,whichitsetsactivewhenitwantstoreaddatafrommemory.ThissignalissufficienttodriveOE;thelogic
19、todriveCEensuresthatonlythecorrectchipoutputdata.Thechipenablesignalmakesuseoftheunusedaddressbits.Toillustrate,assumethatthe8x4memoryofFigure2-4isusedinasystemwith6-bitaddressbus.Furthermore,assumethischipcorrespondstolocations0to7(000000to000111).AddressbitsA2,Al,andAOselectalocationwithinthememor
20、ychips;bitsA5,A4,andA3mustbe000forthechipstobeactive.4 MultibyteDataOrganizationManydataformatusemorethanone8-bitbytetorepresentavalue,whetheritisaninteger,floatingpointnumber,orcharacterstring.MostCPUsassignaddressesto8-bitmemorylocations,sothesevaluesmustbestoredinmorethanonelocation.Itisnecessary
21、foreveryCPUtodefinetheorderitexpectsforthedataintheselocations.Thesearetwocommonlyusedorganizationsformultibytedata:bigendianandlittleendian.Inbigendainformat,themostsignificantbyteofavalueisstoredinlocationX,thefollowingbyteinlocationX+l,andsoon.Forexample,thehexadecimalvalue01020304H(Hforhexadecim
22、al)wouldbestored,startinginlocation100H,asshowninTableKa).Inlittleendian,theorderisreversed.TheleastsignificantbyteisstoredinlocationX,thenextbyteinlocationX+l,andsoon.Thesamevalue,inlittleendianformat,isshowninTable1(八).MemoryAddressData(inhex)10004101031020210301(八)bigendianformatsMemoryAddressDat
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